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plant science > chapter 1 - intro > Flashcards

chapter 1 - intro Flashcards

1
Q

Arabidopsis thaliana

A
  • first flowering plant genetically sequenced
  • weedy plant
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2
Q

What is the difference, ecologically, between producers and consumers?

A
  • producers: make their own food, like photosynthesis
  • consumers: cannot make their own food, eat producers
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3
Q

Could life on earth exist without plants?

A

No, plants emit oxygen that we need & they are the primary producers.

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4
Q

What percentage of the biomass is made up by plants?

A

85-90%

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5
Q

What gives rise to the 3 domains of life?

A

Differences in DNA sequence or genome

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6
Q

What are the 3 domains of life?

A

bacteria, archaea, eukarya

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7
Q

What are some examples of genes shared between plants and animals?

A
  • regulator genes
  • Rep, transcription, translation enzyme genes
  • ribosomal genes
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8
Q

Characteristics of Fungi

A
  • eukaryotes
  • cell walls with chitin
  • heterotrophic / consumers
  • storage carb= glycogen (like animals)
  • more characteristics similar to animals than plants
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9
Q

Algae

A
  • Non-specific grouping of aquatic photosynthetic life
  • “green stuff in water”
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10
Q

Characteristics of plants

A
  • eukaryotes
  • mostly autotrophic / producers
  • some (few) are heterotrophic
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11
Q

Land plants

A
  • mosses and liverworts (bryophytes)
  • ferns, fern allies (seedless vascular plants)
  • gymnosperms
  • angiosperms (monocots or dicots)
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12
Q

What plants were dominant in Mesozoic time?

A

gymnosperms

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13
Q

Angiosperms came from gymnosperms due to what?

A
  • diversification of flowering plants
  • diversification of insect pollinators
  • BOTH of these were needed and enhanced each other
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14
Q

What plants are dominant today or in Cenozoic time?

A
  • angiosperms dominate plant biomass
  • except on placed w higher altitudes like canada
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15
Q

What is mycology?

A

The study of fungi

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16
Q

How did cockleburs lead to Velcro?

A

cockleburs stick to clothes, they have hooks that allow them to stick to clothes via loops
- Velcro mimic the hook and loop structure

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17
Q

How did hedge apples lead to barbed-wire fence?

A
  • the stem of hedge apples has thorns
  • barbed wire fencing mimics the stem with thorns
  • they attract plants to disperse their seeds
  • keeps spiders and insects away?
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18
Q

What are the characteristics of life?

A
  1. made of organic molecules
  2. made of cells
  3. respond to the environment
  4. evolution
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19
Q

Made of organic molecules explanation

A
  • organic molecules are needed for metabolism and energy
  • all living things need them to metabolize and create energy
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20
Q

Made of cells explanation

A
  • every living things is made up of cells
  • cells divide to make new cells
  • cell division eventually leads to reproduction
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21
Q

Respond to the environment explanation

A
  • all living things respond to stimuli in the environment
  • response occurs via different mechanisms depending on the organism
22
Q

Evolution explanation

A
  • everything comes from pre-existing life that has evolved
23
Q

What are the four molecules of life?

A
  • carbs
  • lipids
  • proteins
  • nucleic acids
24
Q

Plant carb main transport form

A

sucrose, transported to other parts of the plant

25
Q

Plant carb main storage form

A

starch, needed for sprouting because it is broken down for energy before a plant can photosynthesize

26
Q

Plant carb main structural form

A

cellulose, makes up plant physical structure

27
Q

Amylose vs Cellulose

A

Amylose
- alpha-glucose linkages
- humans have enzyme to break down
Cellulose
- beta-glucose linkages
- humans do NOT have enzymes to break down (will not give us energy)
- plants, bacteria, and archaea do have the enzymes to break it down

28
Q

Proteins

A
  • made of amino acid
  • organized in polypeptide chains
29
Q

Functions of proteins

A

ribosomes, membranes, transport, cell structure, ENZYMES, cell regulation, energy storage…

30
Q

Lipids

A
  • non-polar hydrocarbons
  • stored as triglycerides in plants
  • can be saturated or unsaturated
31
Q

Which part of the pant contains the most lipid?

A

the seed
- has evolved to have oil, where oil comes from
- have higher energy output per gram of material that is needed for germination

32
Q

Do plants have more saturated or unsaturated fats?

A
  • unsaturated fats
  • because at room temp they are liquid
  • liquid form is oil
  • unsaturated fats don’t pack as tightly and are more fluid - allows better function in cooler plant temps
33
Q

Other functions of lipids?

A
  • energy storage
  • membranes
  • waxes, cutin on the outside of plants
34
Q

Nucleic acids

A
  • made of nucleotides
  • function as genetic information
  • needed for rep, transcription, and translation
35
Q

How much genetic information do you share with a plant?

A

40%
- cell resp genes
- metabolism genes
- rep. transcription, translation genes
- cell cycle and mitosis genes
- signaling molecules
- eukaryotic organelle genes

36
Q

Plant secondary products

A

organic compounds produced by the plant but not absolutely required for growth and development

37
Q

What are the four plant secondary products

A
  • terpenes
  • phenolics
  • glycosides
  • alkaloids
38
Q

Terpenes

A
  • a plant secondary product
  • polymers of 5-carbon isoprene units
39
Q

Examples of terpenes

A
  • menthol
  • camphor
  • rubber: plant defense
  • taxol: anti-cancer drug
  • beta-carotene: photosynthetic pigment
40
Q

structure of menthol

A
  • 2 isoprene units together
41
Q

Phenolics

A
  • a plant secondary product
  • compounds with unsaturated carbon ring structures (double bond rings)
42
Q

Examples of phenolics

A
  • lignin: strengthen cell walls in secondary growth, used in 2nd cell walls of woody plants & creates rigid cell wall
  • flavonoids: tannins for flavoring & anthocyanins for coloration of fruits/veggies
  • urushiol: dermatitis forming compound in poison ivy
  • THC: active ingredient in cannabis
43
Q

Urushiol structure

A
  • phenols with long carbon hydrocarbons
  • hydrocarbons are hydrophobic
  • washing off with water will not make effect of poison ivy go away
44
Q

THC structure

A
  • mimic of a normal NT in the brain called anandamide
45
Q

Glycosides

A
  • a secondary plant product
  • sugar bonded to other molecules
  • typically bonded to terpenes, phenolics, or steroids
46
Q

Examples of glycosides

A
  • saponins: from yams and used in production of human sex hormones (similar to female progesterone); a plant-based estrogen that can be chemically converted into progesterone
  • digitoxin: used for congestive heart failure; eliminates excess fluid around the heart
47
Q

Alkaloids

A
  • a plant secondary product
  • contain nitrogen in a carbon ring structure
  • many affect neurological systems of animals
48
Q

Examples of alkaloids

A
  • morphine
  • cocaine
  • strychnine
  • nicotine
  • caffeine
49
Q

Why do plants make alkaloids

A

to deter herbivorous animals
- elicit a bitter taste and potential poisoning

50
Q

Conium maculatum

A
  • poison hemlock
  • an example of an alkaloid
  • contains coniine
  • deadly
51
Q

What pathway is associated with the production of plant secondary products?

A

shikimate pathway

52
Q

Significance of shikimate pathway

A
  • ONLY in plants
  • not in humans (why we need to eat certain aa)
  • targeting this pathway could develop effective herbicides that kill plants but limit harm to humans
  • eliminating shikimate pathway from plants will lead to their death
  • this is what the herbicide round up does

plant science (2 decks)

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