Chapter 9

Question 1

sensory store

Answer 1

holds raw sensory information directly from senses

Question 2

short-term store

Answer 2

also called “working memory”
-stimuli retained for several seconds

Question 3

long term store

Answer 3

examined information stored for future use

Question 4

development of short term memory: memory span

Answer 4

amount of information that cab be held in the sts

Question 5

Development of short term memory: span of apprehension

Answer 5

the number of items that can be kept in the mind at any one time

Question 6

Working memory

Answer 6

-allows us to “work” with information9 proposed by Alan Baddleley 1992)
-Executive function: planning and executing strategies used on information
-Attention: process of selecting stimuli to detect or work on
-Inhibitory control: intentionally choosing to not attend to information
-set-shifting: moving from one strategy to another

Question 7

“Software” strategies

Answer 7

goal-directed and deliberately implemented mental operations used to facilitate task performance

Question 8

“Software” strategies
-strategic memory

Answer 8

processes involved as one consciously attempts to retain or retrieve information

Question 9

Software strategies
-mnemonics

Answer 9

effortful techniques used to improve memory, including rehearsal, organization, and elaboration

Question 10

Software stratgies
-Production deficiency

Answer 10

failure to spontaneously generate and use known strategies that could improve learning and memory

Question 11

Software strategies
-Utilization deficiency

Answer 11

when children experience little or no benefit when they use a new strategy (Bjorklund 1994)

Question 12

Sieglers adaptive strategy choice model

Question 13

implicit cognition

Answer 13

thoughts that occurs without awareness that one is thinking; is conscious
(most infants thoughts are implicit)

Question 14

Explicit cognition

Answer 14

thinking and thought processes of which we are consciously aware; is conscious

Question 15

Metacognition

Answer 15

knowledge about cognition and about the regulation of cognitive activities
(improves with age)

Question 16

Attention span

Answer 16

capacity for sustaining attention to a particular stimulus or activity

(increases with age partly due to increasing myelinization of the central nervous system)

Question 17

reticular formation

Answer 17

area of the brain that activates the organism and is thought to be important in regulating attention

Question 18

selective attention; ignoring information that is clearly irrelevant

Answer 18

capacity to focus on task-relevant aspects of experience while ignoring irrelevant or distracting information
(older children are much better then younger ones at concentrating on relevant info)

Question 19

cognitive inhibition; dismissing irrelevant information

Answer 19

inhibition: the ability to prevent ourselves from executing some cognitive or behavioral response
(improves throughout childhood likely to maturation of the frontal lobes of the cerebral cortex)

Question 20

Fuzzy-trace theory

Answer 20

proposed by (Brainerd and Reyna 2015)
offers an alternative to the multistore model
-information is processed at both a gist and verbatim level

Question 21

Children as eyewitnesses
-free-recall, open ended and Cued recall

Answer 21

Free: children are just asked to recall what happened
young children often provide little info

Cued: recollection that is prompted by a cue associated with the setting in which the recalled event originally occurred
The accuracy of children’s eyewitness memory increases with age

Question 22

Suggestibility: the likelihood that false information that is suggested is incorporated into ones memory

Answer 22

-peoples of all ages report more inaccurate information if asked leading questions that suggest inaccurate facts of events
- children younger the 8 to 9 years are more suggestible that older children and adults (mouse trap study)

Question 23

Reasoning and analogical reasoning

Answer 23

-a particular type of problem solving that involves making inferences
-reasoning that involves using something you already know to help reason about something not known yet

Question 24

development of mental arithmetic

Answer 24

children of any age actually use a variety of strategies to solve math problems
(Robert Sieglers) adaptive strategy choice model: children have multiple strategies available to them that compete with one another for use

Question 25

connectionism

Answer 25

field of cognitive science that seeks to understand mental processes as resulting from assemblies(or groups) of real or artificial neurons

Question 26

Origins of connectionism

Answer 26

Modern connectionism emerged in the 1980s with the advent of fast computers that could model cognitive tasks
-Approach called parallel distributed processing, where
-parallel: many things being processed at the same time
- distributed: information being encoded across neurons in the brain