Chapter 7

Question 1

sensation

Answer 1

a mental process resulting from external information experienced through the sensory organs and transmitted to the brain

Question 2

perception

Answer 2

the interpretation of sensory input

Question 3

Empiricists (William James)

Answer 3

infants must learn to interpret sensations

Question 4

nativists (Rene Descartes)

Answer 4

Basic perceptual abilities are innate

Question 5

• Enrichment theory (Piaget)

Answer 5

we must add to sensory stimulation by drawing on the stored knowledge in order to perceive a meaningful world
-cognitive schemes are needed

Question 6

• Differentiation theory (Gibson)

Answer 6

-sensory info can be interpreted on its own
-kids learn to detect distinctive features

Question 7

Preference method (Franz)

Answer 7

-two stimuli presented
-some babies prefer one stimuli over the other
-infants can discriminate patterns and had preference

Question 8

Habituation method

Answer 8

-stimuli presented repeatedly and continue until infants response habituates
Dishabituation: a increase in responsiveness that occurs when the stimulation changes

Question 9

Hearing

Answer 9

-discriminate from mothers voice
-fetuses in third trimester can make distinctions
-quickly recognize words and voices

Question 10

Taste, smell, touch, temp, pain

Answer 10

-have taste preference
-react to noxious odours
-recognize moms scent
-sensitive to temp and pain

Question 11

vision

Answer 11

-least mature sense
-require sharper visual contrast
-crude colour vision
-prefer moms face over stranger

Question 12

intermodal perception

Answer 12

ability to use one sensory modality to identify something already familiar in another sensory modality
ex. recognizing a golf ball by touch instead of sight

Question 13

development of intermodal perception

Answer 13

-matching of visual and auditory cues for faces/speech, distance, spatial location
-newborns prefer mothers face to those of a stranger, but this preference disappears if they cant hear them

Question 14

operant conditioning

Answer 14

learner first emits a response and the associates the action with the pleasant or unpleasant consequence

Question 15

reinforcer, pos and neg

Answer 15

reinforcer- any consequence that strengthens likelihood of a response occuring

pos- any stimulus present at the consequence of an act, increases the liklihood of a response occuring

neg- something unplesant is removed from situation