Chapter 11

Question 1

Five components of language

Answer 1

1. Phonemes
2. Morphology
3. Semantics
4. Syntax
5. Pragmatics

Question 2

Phonemes

Answer 2

basic unit of sound that are used in a language and rule for combining the sound
/p/ and /b/

Question 3

Morphology

Answer 3

rules for how sounds form words
-past tense add ‘ed’
-plural adds ‘s’

Question 4

semantics

Answer 4

the meanings expressed in words and sentences
-free morphemes: dog
-bound morphemes: s

Question 5

Syntax

Answer 5

the rules that specify how words are to be combined to form meaningful phrases and sentences

Question 6

pragmatics

Answer 6

knowledge of how language mis used to communicate effectively
-when speaking to a younger child we have to talk differently to be understood

Question 7

Learning( empiricist) perspective

Answer 7

limitation(Bandura)
Operant conditioning
(skinner)
- adults shape childs speech through reinforcement

Question 8

Nativist perspective

Answer 8

human biologically programmed to acquire language
- language is far to complex to be taught by parents or figured out through trial and error

Question 9

Support for nativist perspective:
linguistic universals

Answer 9

children around the world learn language in the same way at about the same time
- Brain specialization
Boncas area
Wernickes area
-Sensitive period hypothesis: the notation that human beings are more proficient at language learning before they reach puberty

Question 10

Child aphasics

Answer 10

often recover their lost language functions without special therapy

Question 11

Nativist perspective:
deprivation

Answer 11

children who were largely deprived of a normal linguistic environment should find it difficult to acquire language later in life
- its more difficult to learn a second language after puberty ( Johnson and Newport 1989)

Question 12

Interaction perspective

Answer 12

• lingustic universals can be explained by slow cognitive development of brain which predisposes children to develop similar ideas at the same age

Question 13

interactionist perspective:
support in the environment

Answer 13

• joint activities with parents help children learn to take turns, that things have names, and that there are proper ways to pose questions and give answers

Question 14

interactionist perspective:
Child-directed speech(motherese)

Answer 14

the short, simple, high pitched sentences that adults use when talking with young children
- speech directed to children become increasingly complex

Question 15

Prelinguistic period

Answer 15

-cooing
( 2 m) vowel like noises ooohs,ahhs

• Canonical babbling(4-6m) vowel consonant combinations with no meaning eg mamama

-Vocables
(10-12m) infant will use specific sounds in specific situations

Question 16

The holophrastic period:
one word at time

Answer 16

Holophrase: single word utterances with meaning of entire sentences
- Name explosion
(18- 24m): raoid acquisition of new words for objects. use ‘cute’ strategies to produce words

Question 17

Processing constraints:

Answer 17

-Objects scope constraint
-Taxonomic
- Lexical
- Mutual exclusivity

Question 18

Syntactical Bootstrapping:

Answer 18

young children make inferences about the meaning of words by analyzing the way words are used in sentences and inferring whether they refer to objects, actions, or attributes