Chapter 9

Question 1

Correlations represent

Answer 1

A method of research

Question 2

Correlational Method of Research

Answer 2

The variables are not manipulated or controlled. We measure any naturally occurring changes between the 2 variables and see if there is any relationship between them (Helps make predictions).

Question 3

Correlations can help us predict

Answer 3

one variable from another.

Question 4

Scatterplot

Answer 4

is a type of graph that represents correlational data. Each dot in the scatterplot represents the value of two variables for that given person.

Question 5

In a scatterplot, if the dots are haphazardly scattered (no pattern)

Answer 5

There is no relationship between both of the variables.

Question 6

In a scatterplot, if the dots follow a straight-line pattern,

Answer 6

There is a very strong relationship between the variables.

Question 7

The stronger the correlation,

Answer 7

the more closely the dots follow a linear pattern, the better we can predict the value of one variable from the other variable.

Question 8

The Correlation Coefficient “r” consists of

Answer 8

A + or a - sign and a number.

Question 9

The number of a correlation coefficient tells you

Answer 9

How strongly the 2 variables are correlated.

Question 10

The + or - of the correlation coefficient tells you

Answer 10

the direction of the relationship between the 2 variables.

Question 11

0 indicates

Answer 11

no relationship, no predictability

Question 12

1.00 indicates

Answer 12

perfect relationship, perfect predictability.

Question 13

.50 correlation coefficient is indicative of a

Answer 13

Moderate relationship

Question 14

If the coefficient has a + sign, that means that

Answer 14

The values of both variables are going in the same direction.

Question 15

If the coefficient has a - sign, that means that

Answer 15

The values of both variables are changing in the opposite direction.

Question 16

Inferential statistics still need to be used in order to determine whether

Answer 16

The correlation coefficient is statistically significant.

Question 17

Linearity

Answer 17

Some relationships aren’t linear and we can determine that by looking at the scatterplot.

Question 18

Restriction of Range

Answer 18

When only a narrow range of scores is used for one or both variables which misrepresents the correlation.

Question 19

In correlational research, it is essential to have a

Answer 19

Large sample so that it includes a wide range of scores, providing more accuracy.

Question 20

Restriction of range reduces

Answer 20

Predictability

Question 21

The larger the sample….

Answer 21

The greater the range of scores.

Question 22

Regression Analysis

Answer 22

Making predictions on the basis of correlational research. Knowing the size of correlation and the value of X (predictor variable), allows you to predict Y (criterion variable).

Question 23

The regression line (line of the best fit) provides

Answer 23

the best way of summarizing the points on the scatterplot and is the line used for making predictions.

Question 24

Bivariate Analysis

Answer 24

examines the relationship between 2 variables.

Question 25

Multivariate Analysis

Answer 25

examines the relationship between 3 or more variables.

Question 26

Regression analysis is bivariate or multivariate?

Answer 26

Bivariate (you predict Y from X)

Question 27

Multiple Regression Analysis

Answer 27

Involves 2 or more predictor variables and a criterion variable. Enables us to determine whether each X variable can predict the Y variable and determine the relative strength of the predictions.

Question 28

Predictions are usually greater when

Answer 28

More than one predictor variable is used.

Question 29

Outliers

Answer 29

A score that is extremely different from the other scores and can distort "r".

Question 30

Coefficient of Determination "r squared"

Answer 30

Measures the percentage of variability in one variable that can be determined from it relationship with the other variable.

Question 31

The coefficient of determination will always be a

Answer 31

Positive number and a smaller number than "r".

Question 32

Interpretational Problems with Correlations

Answer 32

You cannot infer causation hence we don't manipulate or control the variable.

Question 33

Two types of Interpretational Problems with Correlations

Answer 33

1- Directionality Problem 2-Third Variable Problem

Question 34

Directionality Problem

Answer 34

variables might be correlated but we don't know which variable is the cause and which is the effect.

Question 35

Cross-Lagged Panel Correlation

Answer 35

Is a technique that can help us determine which variable is the cause and which is the effect.

Question 36

Third Variable Problem

Answer 36

A third variable is any uncontrolled variable that could underlie and be responsible for a correlation between X and Y.

Question 37

Two types of Third Variables:

Answer 37

1-Mediator Variable 2-Moderator Variable

Question 38

Mediator Variable

Answer 38

Explains how or why the relationship between two variables exists.

Question 39

Moderator Variable

Answer 39

Explains under what conditions the relationship between the two variables exists.

Question 40

Partial Correlation

Answer 40

Provides a way of potentially controlling a third variable.

Question 41

Survey

Answer 41

is a structured set of questions to measure people's attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors.

Question 42

Disadvantages of a survey

Answer 42

-Need a larger sample -Cannot infer causation

Question 43

Two Types of Sampling

Answer 43

1- Probability Sampling 2-Nonprobability Sampling

Question 44

Probability sampling

Answer 44

Used if we wanna learn something about the population from a sub-group (sample).

Question 45

Self-selection of Nonresponse Bias

Answer 45

When a sample is composed only of those who voluntarily respond to a survey.

Question 46

If the return rate is less than 60%,

Answer 46

You probably have a self-selection problem

Question 47

Simple Random Sampling

Answer 47

Every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected for this sample.

Question 48

Types of Probability Sampling

Answer 48

1-Simple Random Sampling 2-Stratified Sampling 3-Cluster Sampling

Question 49

Stratified Sampling

Answer 49

Proportions of important sub-groups in the population are exactly representative in your sample.

Question 50

Cluster Sampling

Answer 50

Randomly selecting a group that has a common feature.

Question 51

Non-probability Sampling

Answer 51

Subjects are not randomly chosen.

Question 52

Types of Non-probability Sampling

Answer 52

1-Convenience Sampling 2-Purposive Sampling 3-Quota Sampling 4-Snowball Sampling

Question 53

Convenience Sampling

Answer 53

Recruiting subjects from a group of available people who meet the general requirements of the study.

Question 54

Purposive Sampling

Answer 54

A convenience sampling strategy is where a specific type of person is recruited.

Question 55

Quota Sampling

Answer 55

You stop recruiting after you get the number of subjects you need in a subgroup.

Question 56

Snowball Sampling also known as referral sampling

Answer 56

Asking a S to recruit their friends of coworkers, etc.

Question 57

Type of Survey Questions

Answer 57

1- Open-ended 2- Closed Questions

Question 58

Open-ended questions

Answer 58

Written out, descriptive answers. The disadvantage is that it is difficult to score and not all Ss are willing to put effort into this question.

Question 59

Close-ended questions

Answer 59

Ss are usually asked to rate how much they agree/disagree with something.

Question 60

Likert Scale

Answer 60

Consisting of either 5 or 7 points.