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PSYC 2030 > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

1
Q

Correlations represent

A

A method of research

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2
Q

Correlational Method of Research

A

The variables are not manipulated or controlled. We measure any naturally occurring changes between the 2 variables and see if there is any relationship between them (Helps make predictions).

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3
Q

Correlations can help us predict

A

one variable from another.

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4
Q

Scatterplot

A

is a type of graph that represents correlational data. Each dot in the scatterplot represents the value of two variables for that given person.

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5
Q

In a scatterplot, if the dots are haphazardly scattered (no pattern)

A

There is no relationship between both of the variables.

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6
Q

In a scatterplot, if the dots follow a straight-line pattern,

A

There is a very strong relationship between the variables.

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7
Q

The stronger the correlation,

A

the more closely the dots follow a linear pattern, the better we can predict the value of one variable from the other variable.

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8
Q

The Correlation Coefficient “r” consists of

A

A + or a - sign and a number.

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9
Q

The number of a correlation coefficient tells you

A

How strongly the 2 variables are correlated.

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10
Q

The + or - of the correlation coefficient tells you

A

the direction of the relationship between the 2 variables.

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11
Q

0 indicates

A

no relationship, no predictability

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12
Q

1.00 indicates

A

perfect relationship, perfect predictability.

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13
Q

.50 correlation coefficient is indicative of a

A

Moderate relationship

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14
Q

If the coefficient has a + sign, that means that

A

The values of both variables are going in the same direction.

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15
Q

If the coefficient has a - sign, that means that

A

The values of both variables are changing in the opposite direction.

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16
Q

Inferential statistics still need to be used in order to determine whether

A

The correlation coefficient is statistically significant.

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17
Q

Linearity

A

Some relationships aren’t linear and we can determine that by looking at the scatterplot.

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18
Q

Restriction of Range

A

When only a narrow range of scores is used for one or both variables which misrepresents the correlation.

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19
Q

In correlational research, it is essential to have a

A

Large sample so that it includes a wide range of scores, providing more accuracy.

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20
Q

Restriction of range reduces

A

Predictability

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21
Q

The larger the sample….

A

The greater the range of scores.

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22
Q

Regression Analysis

A

Making predictions on the basis of correlational research. Knowing the size of correlation and the value of X (predictor variable), allows you to predict Y (criterion variable).

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23
Q

The regression line (line of the best fit) provides

A

the best way of summarizing the points on the scatterplot and is the line used for making predictions.

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24
Q

Bivariate Analysis

A

examines the relationship between 2 variables.

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25
Q

Multivariate Analysis

A

examines the relationship between 3 or more variables.

26
Q

Regression analysis is bivariate or multivariate?

A

Bivariate (you predict Y from X)

27
Q

Multiple Regression Analysis

A

Involves 2 or more predictor variables and a criterion variable. Enables us to determine whether each X variable can predict the Y variable and determine the relative strength of the predictions.

28
Q

Predictions are usually greater when

A

More than one predictor variable is used.

29
Q

Outliers

A

A score that is extremely different from the other scores and can distort “r”.

30
Q

Coefficient of Determination “r squared”

A

Measures the percentage of variability in one variable that can be determined from it relationship with the other variable.

31
Q

The coefficient of determination will always be a

A

Positive number and a smaller number than “r”.

32
Q

Interpretational Problems with Correlations

A

You cannot infer causation hence we don’t manipulate or control the variable.

33
Q

Two types of Interpretational Problems with Correlations

A

1- Directionality Problem
2-Third Variable Problem

34
Q

Directionality Problem

A

variables might be correlated but we don’t know which variable is the cause and which is the effect.

35
Q

Cross-Lagged Panel Correlation

A

Is a technique that can help us determine which variable is the cause and which is the effect.

36
Q

Third Variable Problem

A

A third variable is any uncontrolled variable that could underlie and be responsible for a correlation between X and Y.

37
Q

Two types of Third Variables:

A

1-Mediator Variable
2-Moderator Variable

38
Q

Mediator Variable

A

Explains how or why the relationship between two variables exists.

39
Q

Moderator Variable

A

Explains under what conditions the relationship between the two variables exists.

40
Q

Partial Correlation

A

Provides a way of potentially controlling a third variable.

41
Q

Survey

A

is a structured set of questions to measure people’s attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors.

42
Q

Disadvantages of a survey

A

-Need a larger sample
-Cannot infer causation

43
Q

Two Types of Sampling

A

1- Probability Sampling
2-Nonprobability Sampling

44
Q

Probability sampling

A

Used if we wanna learn something about the population from a sub-group (sample).

45
Q

Self-selection of Nonresponse Bias

A

When a sample is composed only of those who voluntarily respond to a survey.

46
Q

If the return rate is less than 60%,

A

You probably have a self-selection problem

47
Q

Simple Random Sampling

A

Every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected for this sample.

48
Q

Types of Probability Sampling

A

1-Simple Random Sampling
2-Stratified Sampling
3-Cluster Sampling

49
Q

Stratified Sampling

A

Proportions of important sub-groups in the population are exactly representative in your sample.

50
Q

Cluster Sampling

A

Randomly selecting a group that has a common feature.

51
Q

Non-probability Sampling

A

Subjects are not randomly chosen.

52
Q

Types of Non-probability Sampling

A

1-Convenience Sampling
2-Purposive Sampling
3-Quota Sampling
4-Snowball Sampling

53
Q

Convenience Sampling

A

Recruiting subjects from a group of available people who meet the general requirements of the study.

54
Q

Purposive Sampling

A

A convenience sampling strategy is where a specific type of person is recruited.

55
Q

Quota Sampling

A

You stop recruiting after you get the number of subjects you need in a subgroup.

56
Q

Snowball Sampling also known as referral sampling

A

Asking a S to recruit their friends of coworkers, etc.

57
Q

Type of Survey Questions

A

1- Open-ended
2- Closed Questions

58
Q

Open-ended questions

A

Written out, descriptive answers. The disadvantage is that it is difficult to score and not all Ss are willing to put effort into this question.

59
Q

Close-ended questions

A

Ss are usually asked to rate how much they agree/disagree with something.

60
Q

Likert Scale

A

Consisting of either 5 or 7 points.

PSYC 2030 (9 decks)

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