Chapter 6

Question 1

Between-Subject Design

Answer 1

A subject receives either level A or level B of the Independent Variable rather than both.

Question 2

Advantages of a between-S design:

Answer 2

-Subjects are naive about the procedures
-There won’t be practice effects that could confound the study

Question 3

Disadvantages of a between-S design:

Answer 3

-We need more subjects than a within-s design.
-Differences between conditions could be due to the IV but they could also be due to individual differences.

Question 4

Equivalent groups

Answer 4

Groups are equal to one another in every way except for the IV.

Question 5

To accomplish equivalent groups, we can use:

Answer 5

1-Random Assignment
2-Matching

Question 6

Blocked Random Assignment

Answer 6

is a procedure that ensures that every condition has a S randomly assigned to it before it is repeated a second time. Each block contains all conditions in a randomized order.

Question 7

Matching

Answer 7

Subjects are first paired on some characteristic that could be expected to affect the DV. Then one member of each pair is randomly assigned to the conditions being tested.

Question 8

Within-Subject Design

Answer 8

It is also known as the repeated measures design. In this design, S receives both A and B levels of the IV.

Question 9

Advantages of Within-S Design

Answer 9

-fewer subjects are required
-eliminates the equivalents groups problem
-there are no longer individual differences between groups hence it’s the same group being retested.

Question 10

Disadvantages of Within-S Design

Answer 10

Order effects

Question 11

Order Effects

Answer 11

When a S finishes one trial/condition, it could affect the subsequent trials.

Question 12

Two Types of Order Effects

Answer 12

1-Practice Effects (performance improves over trials)
2-Fatigue Effects (performance deteriorates over trials)

Question 13

How to control for Order Effects

Answer 13

use counterbalancing, which is when we use more than order.

Question 14

Types of Counterbalancing Techniques:

Answer 14

-Complete Counterbalancing
-Partial Counterbalancing
-Balanced Latin Square Design

Question 15

Complete Counterbalancing

Answer 15

Where every possible order is used at least once.

Question 16

Partial Counterbalancing

Answer 16

You randomly pick and use a subset of all possible orders.

Question 17

Balanced Latin Square Design

Answer 17

Allows you to get away with relatively few different orders because things are “balanced”. It ensures that every condition occurs equally often in every sequential position. It also ensures that every condition precedes and follows every other condition exactly once.
-The # of Ss must be equal to or a multiple of the # of rows in the square.

Question 18

Reverse Counterbalancing

Answer 18

The conditions are presented in one order and then in the reverse order as many times as necessary.