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BIO 202 > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Energy flow

A

-into ecosystem as sunlight and leaves as heat
-cells use chemical energy stored in organic molecules to regenerate atp which powers work

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2
Q

Photosynthesis

A

-generates O2 and organic molecules which are used in cellular respiration

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3
Q

Why organic molecules have potential energy

A

the arrangement of the electrons in the bonds between their atoms

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4
Q

Respiration in cellular respiration

A

-both aerobic and anaerobic but often used to refer to aerobic respiration

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5
Q

Exergonic

A

-breakdown of organic molecules
-produce energy some of which can be used for work

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6
Q

Aerobic respiration

A

-consumes organic molecules and O2 and yields ATP

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6
Q

Fermentation

A

-partial degradation of sugars that occurs without O2
-uses substrate level phosphorylation instead of electron transport chain to generate atp
-consists of glycolysis plus reactions that regenerate nad+ which can be reused by glycolysis

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7
Q

Anaerobic respiration

A

consumes organic molecules and compounds other than O2 and yields ATP
-uses an electron transport chain with final electron acceptor other than O2

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8
Q

Transfer of electrons

A

-releases potential energy stored in organic molecules
-used to synthesize ATP

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9
Q

Oxidation reduction reactions

A

-transfer electrons between reactants

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10
Q

Oxidation

A

substance that loses electrons
-oxidized

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11
Q

Reduction

A

-substance gains electrons
-reduced
-amount of positive change reduced

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12
Q

Reducing agent

A

the electron donor

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13
Q

Oxidizing agent

A

the electron receptor

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14
Q

NAD+

A

-electron shuttle
-where electrons from organic compounds are first transferred
-is an oxidizing agent in cellular respiration

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15
Q

NADH

A

-reduced form of NAD+
-represents stored energy that is tapped to synthesize ATP
-passes electrons to electron transport chain

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16
Q

Electron transport chain

A

-passes electrons in a series of steps
-O2 pulls electrons down chain in energy yielding tumble
-energy yielded is used to regenerate ATP
-in the inner membrane (Cristae) of mitochondrion
-most of chains components are proteins and exist in multi protein complexes
-electrons drop in free energy as they go down chain

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17
Q

Stages of cellular respiration

A
  1. glycolysis
  2. pyruvate oxidation and citric acid cycle
  3. oxidation phosphorylation
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18
Q

Glycolysis

A

-breaks down glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvate
-splitting of sugar
-occurs whether or not o2 is present
-occurs in cytoplasm
2 major phases energy investment and energy payoff

19
Q

Citric acid cycle

A

-completes the breakdown of glucose
-in presence of O2
-pyruvate enters the mitochondrion where oxidation of glucose is completed
-pyruvate first needs to be converted to acetylene coenzyme A which links glycolysis to citric acid cycle (carried out by multienzyme complex that catalyses 3 reactions)
creates 2 ATP, 8 NADH, 6CO2, 2FADH2

20
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation

A

-accounts for most of the ATP synthesis
-powered by redox reactions

21
Q

Substrate level phosphorylation

A

-small amount of atp formed in glycolysis and citric acid cycle

22
Q

Energy investment phase

A

-the cell spend atp
-phase in glycolysis
2 atp used

23
Q

Energy payoff phase

A

-investment is repaid with interest
4 atp, 2 nadh, 2H+ formed
2 pyruvate and 2h2o

24
Q

Krebs cycle, tricabroxylic acid cycle

A

-citric acid cycle
-completes break down of pyruvate to co2
-oxidizes organic fuel derived from pyruvate
-makes 1 ATP, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2 per turn
-has 8 steps each catalyzed by specific enzyme
-acetyl group of acetyl coa joins cycle by combining with oxaloacetate forming citrate
-next 7 steps break down citrate back down to oxaloacetate
-NADH and FADH2 produced relay electrons from food to electron transport chain, donate electrons to electron transport chain which powers atp synthesis by oxidative phosphorylation

25
Q

Electron transport

A

-transferred from NADH or FADH2 to electron transport chain
-passed through proteins including cytochromes to O2
-electron transport chain produces no atp directly
-breaks the large free energy drop from food to O2 into smaller steps that release energy in small amounts

26
Q

Chemiosmosis

A

-energy coupling mechanism
-electron transfer causes proteins to pump H+ from mitochondrial matrix to inter membrane space
-H+ moves back across membrane through proton pump, atp synthase
-atp synthase uses exergonic flow of H+ to drive phosphorylation of atp
-energy stored in H+ gradient across membrane couples the redox reactions of electron transport chain to atp synthesis

27
Q

Energy flow in cellular respiration

A

-glucose
-nadh
-electron transport chain
-proton motive force
-atp
-makes about 32 atp

28
Q

Glycolysis needs and where

A

-anaerobic does not need oxyegn
-occurs in cytoplasm
-inputs= glucose
-outputs= 2 pyruvate +2NADH+2ATP

29
Q

Krebs cycle needs and where

A

-aerobic needs oxygen
-occurs in matrix of mitochondria (inside/middle)
inputs= 2 acetyl coenzyme a
outputs= 4CO2+6NADH+2ATP+2FADH2

30
Q

Electron transport system needs and where

A

-aerobic needs oxygen
-occurs in inner membrane of mitochonida/cristae
inputs= passage of NADH to O2
outputs=H2O +H+ gradient +26-28 ATP

31
Q

O2 in cellular respiration

A

-most requires O2 to produce ATP
-without O2 electron transport chain will stop
-no O2 glycolysis couples with fermentation or anaerobic respiration to produce ATP

32
Q

Alcohol fermentation

A

-pyruvate converted to ethanol releasing co2

33
Q

Lactic acid fermentation

A

pyruvate forming lactate no release of co2
-human muscle cells use to make atp when scarce o2

34
Q

Fermentation, anaerobic, aerobic similarities

A

-all use glycolysis (net atp=2) to oxidize glucose and harvest chemical energy of food
-nad+ is oxidizing agent that accepts electrons during glycolysis

35
Q

Fermentation, anaerobic, aerobic differences

A

-different final electron acceptors

36
Q

Final electron acceptor in fermentation

A

-an organic molecule
-pyruvate, acetaldehyde

37
Q

Final electron acceptor in cellular respiration

A

O2

38
Q

ATP production in cellular respiration

A

32 atp Per glucose molecule

39
Q

ATP production in fermentation

A

2 ATP per glucose molecule

40
Q

Obligate anaerobes

A

-carry out fermentation or anaerobic respiration
-cannot survive in presence of O2

41
Q

Facultative anaerobes

A

-can survive using either fermentation or cellular respiration
-pyruvate is fork in metabolic road that leads to 2 alternative catabolic routes (fermentation or aerobic cellular respiration)

42
Q

What did early prokaryotes do without a lot of O2

A

-used only glycolysis to generate ATP
-know it developed early in history of earth because is a ubiquitous metabolic pathway in the cytosol without requiring membrane enclosed organelles

43
Q

What do glycolysis and citric acid cycle connect to

A

-many other metabolic pathways
-they are major intersections to many catabolic and anabolic pathways

44
Q

Organic molecules in catabolic pathways

A

-funnel electrons from many kinds of organic molecules into cellular respiration
-glycolysis-accepts wide range of carbohydrates
-proteins digested to amino acids that feed glycolysis or citric acid cycle
-fats digested to glycerol for glycolysis and fatty acids used to generate acetyl coA
-oxidized fat produced twice as much atp than carbohydrate

45
Q

Anabolic, biosynthetic pathways

A

-do not generate atp
-consume it

46
Q

Feedback inhibition

A

-mot common mechanism for control
-atp concentration drops, respiration speeds up
-lots of atp, respiration slows down
-control of catabolism is based on regulating the activity of enzymes at strategic points in catabolic pathway

BIO 202 (10 decks)

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