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BIO 202 > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

4 classes of large biological molecules

A

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

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2
Q

Macromolecules

A

large molecules composed of thousands of covalently connected atoms

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3
Q

Polymer

A

long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks (monomers)
-3/4 classes are polymers (carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids)

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4
Q

Monomers

A

small building blocks of polymers

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5
Q

Dehydration reaction

A

occurs when two monomers bond together through loss of water molecule

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6
Q

Hydrolysis

A

breaks down polymer into monomer through adding a water molecule
-opposite od dehydration

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7
Q

Carbohydrates

A

-include sugars and polymers of sugar

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8
Q

Monosaccharies

A

-simplest carbohydrates
-simple sugars which can form polysaccharides
-classified by location of carbonyl group (as aldose or ketone) and # of carbons in carbon skeleton
-fuel for cells and raw material for building molecules
Cx(H2O)x formula

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9
Q

Olgiosaccharide

A

saccharide polymer containing 3-10 monosaccharides
-functions= cell recognition and binding

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10
Q

Polysaccharides

A

-polymers of sugars
-storage and structural roles determined by sugar monomers and positions of glycosidic linkages

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11
Q

Starch

A

-storage polysaccharide of plants, consists of glucose monomers
-simplest form=amylose

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12
Q

Glycogen

A

storage polysaccharide in animals

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13
Q

Cellulose

A

component of tough wall of plant cells, polymer of glucose but glycosidic linkages differ

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14
Q

Alpha

A

below plane of molecule

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15
Q

Beta

A

above plane of molecule

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16
Q

Helical

A

polymers with alpha glucose

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17
Q

Straight

A

polymers with beta glucose
-H atoms on one strand can bond with OH groups on other strands (hydrogen bonding)

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18
Q

Chitin

A

another structural polysaccharide, found in exoskeleton of arthropods, provides structural support of cell walls

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19
Q

Lipids

A

-one class of large biological molecules that do not form polymers
-have little or no affinity for water (hydrophobic) because consist of mostly hydrocarbons which form non polar covalent bonds
-important lipids-fats, phospholipids, steroids

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20
Q

Fats

A

-major function is energy storage
-constructed from 2 types of smaller molecules (glycerol and fatty acids)
-separate from water because water molecules form hydrogen bonds with each other and exclude the fats

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21
Q

Glycerol

A

3 carbon alcohol with with a hydroxyl group attached to each carbon

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22
Q

Fatty acid

A

carboxyl group attached to a long carbon skeleton
-vary in length (# of Cs) and in # and locations od double bonds

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23
Q

Saturated fatty acids

A

have maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible and no double bonds

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24
Q

Unsaturated fatty acids

A

one or more double bonds

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25
Q

Saturated fats

A

fats made from saturated fatty acids and solid at room temp

26
Q

Unsaturated fats

A

fats made from unsaturated fatty acids and are liquid at room temp
-plant fats and fish fats, oils

27
Q

Hydrogenation

A

process of converting unsaturated fats to saturated fats by adding hydrogen
-hydrogenating vegetable oils creates unsaturated fats with trans double bonds

28
Q

Phospholipid

A

two fatty acids and a phosphate group attached to a glycerol
-two tails are hydrophobic
-phosphate group and its attachments form a hydrophilic head
-in water, self assemble to bilayer with tails pointing to inside
-major component of cell membranes

29
Q

Steroids

A

lipids characterized by carbon skeleton consisting of 4 fused rings

30
Q

Cholesterol

A

important steroid, component in animal cell membranes

31
Q

Protein function

A

structural support, storage, transport, cellular communications, movement, defense against foreign substances
-workers of the cell

32
Q

Enzymatic proteins

A

selective acceleration of chemical reactions

33
Q

defensive proteins

A

protection against disease

34
Q

storage proteins

A

storage of amino acids

35
Q

transport proteins

A

transport of substances

36
Q

Hormonal proteins

A

coordination of an organisms activities

37
Q

receptor proteins

A

response of cell to chemical stimuli

38
Q

contractile and motor proteins

A

movement

39
Q

structural proteins

A

support

40
Q

Polypeptides

A

unbranched polymers built from same set of 20 amino acids
-polymer of amino acids
-has unique linear sequence of amino acids with carboxyl end (C terminus) and amino end (N terminus)

41
Q

Protein

A

functional molecule that consists of one or more polypeptides
-sequence of amino acids determines proteins 3d structure
-proteins structure determines its function

42
Q

Amino acids

A

organic molecules with carboxyl and amino groups
-differ in properties due to differing side chains (R groups)
-linked by peptide bonds

43
Q

Functional protein

A

consists of one or more polypeptides twisted, folded and coiled into unique 3d shape

44
Q

Primary structure of protein

A

its unique sequence of amino acids
-determined by inherited genetic information

45
Q

Tertiary structure of protein

A

determined by interactions among various side chains (R groups)
-include hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, hydrophobic interactions and van der Waals interactions

46
Q

Secondary structure of protein

A

found in most proteins, consists of cold and folds in the polypeptide chain
-result from hydrogen bonds between repeating constituents of polypeptide backbone (coil=alpha helix, beta pleated sheet=folded structure)

47
Q

Quaternary structure of proteins

A

results when a protein consists of multiple polypeptide chains
-2 or more polypeptide chains form one macromolecule
ex- collagen, hemoglobin

48
Q

Disulfide bridges

A

strong covalent bonds
-may reinforce the proteins structure

49
Q

What affects protein structure

A

-physical and chemical conditions
-pH, salt concentration and temperature changes can cause protein to unravel

50
Q

Denaturation

A

loss of a proteins native structure
-denatured protein is biologically inactive
-misfolded proteins cause diseases

51
Q

Chaperonins

A

protein molecules that assist the proper folding of other proteins

52
Q

Gene

A

unit of inheritance that programs the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide
-made of DNA, nucleic acid made of monomers called nucleotides

53
Q

2 types of nucleic acids

A

-deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
-ribonucleic acid (RNA)

54
Q

DNA

A

-provides directions for its own replication
-directs synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA-transcription) and controls protein synthesis through mRNA

55
Q

Ribosomes

A

where protein syntheses (translation) occurs

56
Q

Polynucleotides

A

nucleic acid polymers
-made up of monomers called nucleotides

57
Q

Nucleotides consist of

A

-a nitrogenous base
-a pentose sugar
-one or more phosphate groups

58
Q

Nucleoside

A

portion of nucleotide without phosphate group

59
Q

Nucleic acids

A

-nucleotide polymers linked together to build polynucelotide
-adjacent nucleotide joined by covalent bonds (phosphodiester linkage) between OH on the 3 c of one to the phosphate on the 5 c on the next
-create backbone of sugar phosphate units with nitrogenous bases as appendages

60
Q

Sequence of bases along DNA or mRNA polymer

A

is unique for each gene

61
Q

Anti parallel

A

DNA double helix backbones run in opposite directions

62
Q

Linear sequences of nucleotides in DNA molecules

A

passed from parents to offspring
-closely related species are similar in DNA

BIO 202 (10 decks)

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