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BIO 202 > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

4 classes of large biological molecules

A

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

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2
Q

Macromolecules

A

large molecules composed of thousands of covalently connected atoms

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3
Q

Polymer

A

long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks (monomers)
-3/4 classes are polymers (carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids)

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4
Q

Monomers

A

small building blocks of polymers

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5
Q

Dehydration reaction

A

occurs when two monomers bond together through loss of water molecule

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6
Q

Hydrolysis

A

breaks down polymer into monomer through adding a water molecule
-opposite od dehydration

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7
Q

Carbohydrates

A

-include sugars and polymers of sugar

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8
Q

Monosaccharies

A

-simplest carbohydrates
-simple sugars which can form polysaccharides
-classified by location of carbonyl group (as aldose or ketone) and # of carbons in carbon skeleton
-fuel for cells and raw material for building molecules
Cx(H2O)x formula

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9
Q

Olgiosaccharide

A

saccharide polymer containing 3-10 monosaccharides
-functions= cell recognition and binding

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10
Q

Polysaccharides

A

-polymers of sugars
-storage and structural roles determined by sugar monomers and positions of glycosidic linkages

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11
Q

Starch

A

-storage polysaccharide of plants, consists of glucose monomers
-simplest form=amylose

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12
Q

Glycogen

A

storage polysaccharide in animals

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13
Q

Cellulose

A

component of tough wall of plant cells, polymer of glucose but glycosidic linkages differ

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14
Q

Alpha

A

below plane of molecule

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15
Q

Beta

A

above plane of molecule

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16
Q

Helical

A

polymers with alpha glucose

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17
Q

Straight

A

polymers with beta glucose
-H atoms on one strand can bond with OH groups on other strands (hydrogen bonding)

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18
Q

Chitin

A

another structural polysaccharide, found in exoskeleton of arthropods, provides structural support of cell walls

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19
Q

Lipids

A

-one class of large biological molecules that do not form polymers
-have little or no affinity for water (hydrophobic) because consist of mostly hydrocarbons which form non polar covalent bonds
-important lipids-fats, phospholipids, steroids

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20
Q

Fats

A

-major function is energy storage
-constructed from 2 types of smaller molecules (glycerol and fatty acids)
-separate from water because water molecules form hydrogen bonds with each other and exclude the fats

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21
Q

Glycerol

A

3 carbon alcohol with with a hydroxyl group attached to each carbon

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22
Q

Fatty acid

A

carboxyl group attached to a long carbon skeleton
-vary in length (# of Cs) and in # and locations od double bonds

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23
Q

Saturated fatty acids

A

have maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible and no double bonds

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24
Q

Unsaturated fatty acids

A

one or more double bonds

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25
Saturated fats
fats made from saturated fatty acids and solid at room temp
26
Unsaturated fats
fats made from unsaturated fatty acids and are liquid at room temp -plant fats and fish fats, oils
27
Hydrogenation
process of converting unsaturated fats to saturated fats by adding hydrogen -hydrogenating vegetable oils creates unsaturated fats with trans double bonds
28
Phospholipid
two fatty acids and a phosphate group attached to a glycerol -two tails are hydrophobic -phosphate group and its attachments form a hydrophilic head -in water, self assemble to bilayer with tails pointing to inside -major component of cell membranes
29
Steroids
lipids characterized by carbon skeleton consisting of 4 fused rings
30
Cholesterol
important steroid, component in animal cell membranes
31
Protein function
structural support, storage, transport, cellular communications, movement, defense against foreign substances -workers of the cell
32
Enzymatic proteins
selective acceleration of chemical reactions
33
defensive proteins
protection against disease
34
storage proteins
storage of amino acids
35
transport proteins
transport of substances
36
Hormonal proteins
coordination of an organisms activities
37
receptor proteins
response of cell to chemical stimuli
38
contractile and motor proteins
movement
39
structural proteins
support
40
Polypeptides
unbranched polymers built from same set of 20 amino acids -polymer of amino acids -has unique linear sequence of amino acids with carboxyl end (C terminus) and amino end (N terminus)
41
Protein
functional molecule that consists of one or more polypeptides -sequence of amino acids determines proteins 3d structure -proteins structure determines its function
42
Amino acids
organic molecules with carboxyl and amino groups -differ in properties due to differing side chains (R groups) -linked by peptide bonds
43
Functional protein
consists of one or more polypeptides twisted, folded and coiled into unique 3d shape
44
Primary structure of protein
its unique sequence of amino acids -determined by inherited genetic information
45
Tertiary structure of protein
determined by interactions among various side chains (R groups) -include hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, hydrophobic interactions and van der Waals interactions
46
Secondary structure of protein
found in most proteins, consists of cold and folds in the polypeptide chain -result from hydrogen bonds between repeating constituents of polypeptide backbone (coil=alpha helix, beta pleated sheet=folded structure)
47
Quaternary structure of proteins
results when a protein consists of multiple polypeptide chains -2 or more polypeptide chains form one macromolecule ex- collagen, hemoglobin
48
Disulfide bridges
strong covalent bonds -may reinforce the proteins structure
49
What affects protein structure
-physical and chemical conditions -pH, salt concentration and temperature changes can cause protein to unravel
50
Denaturation
loss of a proteins native structure -denatured protein is biologically inactive -misfolded proteins cause diseases
51
Chaperonins
protein molecules that assist the proper folding of other proteins
52
Gene
unit of inheritance that programs the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide -made of DNA, nucleic acid made of monomers called nucleotides
53
2 types of nucleic acids
-deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) -ribonucleic acid (RNA)
54
DNA
-provides directions for its own replication -directs synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA-transcription) and controls protein synthesis through mRNA
55
Ribosomes
where protein syntheses (translation) occurs
56
Polynucleotides
nucleic acid polymers -made up of monomers called nucleotides
57
Nucleotides consist of
-a nitrogenous base -a pentose sugar -one or more phosphate groups
58
Nucleoside
portion of nucleotide without phosphate group
59
Nucleic acids
-nucleotide polymers linked together to build polynucelotide -adjacent nucleotide joined by covalent bonds (phosphodiester linkage) between OH on the 3 c of one to the phosphate on the 5 c on the next -create backbone of sugar phosphate units with nitrogenous bases as appendages
60
Sequence of bases along DNA or mRNA polymer
is unique for each gene
61
Anti parallel
DNA double helix backbones run in opposite directions
62
Linear sequences of nucleotides in DNA molecules
passed from parents to offspring -closely related species are similar in DNA

BIO 202 (10 decks)

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