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BIO 202 > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Metabolism

A

-totality of an organisms chemical reactions
-emergent property of life that arises from interactions between molecules within the cell
-subject to laws of thermodynamics
-never in equilibrium

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2
Q

Metabolic pathway

A

-beings with specific molecule
-ends with product
-each step catalyzed by specific enzyme

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3
Q

Catabolic pathways

A

-release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds
ex cellular respiration
-releases free energy in series of reactions

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4
Q

Anabolic pathways

A

-consume energy to build complex molecules from simpler ones
ex synthesis of protein from amino acids

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5
Q

Bioenergetics

A

study of how organisms manage their energy resources

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6
Q

Energy

A

-capacity to cause change
-exists in various forms, some can perform work (move matter against forces or rearrange matter)
-can be converted from one form to another

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7
Q

Kinetic energy

A

-energy associated with motion
-heat (thermal energy)- kinetic energy associated with random movement of atoms or molecules
-light-photosynthesis

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8
Q

Potential energy

A

-energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure
-chemical energy-potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction

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9
Q

Thermodynamics

A

-study of energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter

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10
Q

System

A

matter under study

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11
Q

Surroundings

A

-the rest of the universe
-everything outside the system

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12
Q

Isolated system

A

-does not exchange energy and matter with surroundings

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13
Q

Open system

A

-exchange energy and matter
-all organisms

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14
Q

First law of thermodynamics

A

-principle of conservation of energy
-the energy of the universe is constant
-energy can be transferred and transformed but cannot be created or destroyed

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15
Q

Second law of thermodynamics

A

-energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy (disorder) of the universe
-some energy is unusable and lost as heat during transfer

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16
Q

Spontaneous processes

A

occur without energy input
-must increase the entropy of the universe

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17
Q

Nonspontaneous processes

A

-require input of energy

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18
Q

Typical energy flow

A

energy flows into most ecosystems as light and exits in form of heat to increase entropy

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19
Q

Systems free energy

A

-the energy that can do work when temperature and pressure are uniform
change in G= change in H-tchange in S
H=enthalpy, total energy
S=change in entropy
T=in Kelvin

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20
Q

Negative delta G

A

spontaneous
-decreases systems total energy or increases the entropy

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21
Q

Positive or zero delta G

A

never spontaneous

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22
Q

Change in G

A

G final-G initial
-system in final state is more stable

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23
Q

Free energy

A

measure of systems instability
-its tendency to change to a more stable state

24
Q

Spontaneous

A

-free energy decreases
-stability of system increases

25
Q

Equilibrium

A

-state of maximum stability
-no further net change in concentration of product or reactants
-lowest value of G
-change in G =0

26
Q

Move out of equilibrium

A

G increase, change in G positive, reaction is non spontaneous

27
Q

Spontaneous and can perform work when

A

it is moving towards equilibrium

28
Q

Exergonic reaction

A

-proceeds with net release of free energy
-spontaneous

29
Q

Endergonic reaction

A

-absorbs free energy
-nonspontaneous

29
Q

Energy coupling

A

-how cells manage energy resources to do work
-use of an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one
-most mediated by atp

30
Q

3 kinds of work cell does

A

-chemical- synthesis of polymers
-transport- nak pump
-mechanical-segregation of chromosomes

31
Q

ATP

A

-cells energy shuttle
-composed of ribose (sugar), adenine (nitrogenous base) and 3 phosphate groups
-bonds between phosphate groups of atp tail can be broken by hydrolysis
-energy related when last phosphate bond is broken

32
Q

Phosphorylation

A

-how atp drives endergonic reactions
-transferring a phosphate group to some other molecule

33
Q

Phosphorylated intermediate

A

-recipient molecule in phosphorylation
-more reactive, less stable than original molecule

34
Q

ATP

A

-reneweable resource
-regenerated by addition of P group to ADP

35
Q

Enzyme

A

catalytic protein
-catalyze reactions by lowering activation energy barrier
-do not affect the change in free energy
-speed up reactions that would occur eventually
-selective, determine which chemical processes occur at any time

36
Q

Catalyst

A

chemical agent that speeds up a reaction without being consumed by the reaction

37
Q

Free energy of activation/free energy

A

initial energy needed to start a chemical reaction
-often in form of thermal energy that reactant molecules absorb from surroundings

38
Q

Substrate

A

reactant that enzyme acts on

39
Q

Enzyme substrate complex

A

enzyme binds to its substrate

40
Q

Active site

A

region on enzyme where substrate binds
-can lower activation energy barrier by orienting substrates correctly, straining substrate bonds, providing favorable microenvironment, covalently bonding to substrate

41
Q

Induced fit

A

-of a substrate
-brings chemical groups of active site into positions that enhance their ability to catalyze reactions

42
Q

Enzyme activity impacted by

A

-environmental factors
-temp and pH (optimal)
-optimal conditions favor most active shape for enzyme molecule

43
Q

Cofactors

A

-nonprotein helpers required by enzymes for catalytic activity
-bind permanently or reversibly to enzyme

44
Q

Organic cofactors

A

-coenzymes
-ex vitamins

45
Q

Competitive inhibitors

A

-bind to active site of enzyme
-compete with substrate

46
Q

Noncompetitive inhibitors

A

-bind to another part of enzyme
-causes enzyme to change shape and makes active site less effective

47
Q

Evolution of enzymes

A

-enzymes-proteins encoded by genes
-mutations in genes lead to changes in amino acid composition of enzyme
-altered amino acids in enzymes may alter substrate specificity

48
Q

How does cell regulate enzyme activity

A

-switching on or off genes that encode specific enzymes
-regulates activity of enzymes

49
Q

Allosteric regulation

A

-either inhibit or stimulate enzyme activity
-regulatory molecule binds to protein at one site and affects proteins function at another site
-made from polypeptide subunits

50
Q

Binding of activator

A

stabilizes the active form
-ADP for catabolic enzymes

51
Q

Bindings of inhibitor

A

-stabilizes the inactive form
-ATP for catabolic enzymes

52
Q

Cooperativity

A

-a form of allosteric regulation that can amplify enzyme activity
-one substrate molecule primes an enzyme to act on additional substrate molecules more readily
-binding by a substrate to one active site affects catalysis in a different active site

53
Q

Caspases

A

-inhibition of proteolytic enzymes
-help management of inappropriate inflammatory responses

54
Q

End product of metabolic pathway

A

-shuts down the pathway
-prevents cell from wasting chemical resources by synthesizing more product than needed

BIO 202 (10 decks)

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