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BIO 202 > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cell

A

-basic structural and functional unit of every organism
-simplest collection of matter that can be alive
-structure is correlated to function
-need microscopes to see

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2
Q

Light microscope

A

-visible light is passed through specimen and then through glass lenses
-lenses bend light so image is magnified
-cannot see most sub cellular structures (organelles)

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3
Q

3 important parameters of microscopy

A

-magnification- ratio of image size to real size
-resolution- measure of clarity or minimum distance between two points
-contrast-visible differences in parts

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4
Q

Scanning electron microscope

A

-focus beam of electrons onto surface of specimen, images that look 3d

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5
Q

Transmission electron microscopes

A

-focus beam of electrons through specimen
-used to study internal structure of cells

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6
Q

Confocal and deconvolution microscopy

A

-recent advances
-provide sharper images of 3d tissues and cells

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7
Q

Cell fractionation

A

-takes cells apart and separates the major organelles from one another
-used so scientists can determine functions of organelles
-use centrifuges

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8
Q

Features of all cells

A

-plasma membrane
-semifluid substance (cytosol)
-chromosomes
-ribosomes
-atp

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9
Q

Chromosomes

A

carry genes in form of dna
-in nucleus
-each has single dna molecule associated with proteins

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10
Q

ribosomes

A

make proteins
-use information from dna to make proteins
-particles made of ribosomal RNA and protein
-carry out protein synthesis

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11
Q

Prokaryotic cells

A

-no nucleus
-dna in unbound region called nucleoid
-no membrane bound organelles
-cytoplasm bound by plasma membrane

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12
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A

-dna in nucleus that is bounded by membranous nuclear envelope
-membrane bound organelles
-cytoplasm in region between plasma membrane and nucleus
-larger

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13
Q

Cell area to volume ratio

A

surface area increases while volume is constant
-cells are small

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14
Q

Plasma membrane

A

-selective barrier that allows passage of oxygen, nutrients and waste
-double layer of phospholipids

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15
Q

Nucleus

A

-contains most of the dna in eukaryotic cell
-contains most of cells genes

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16
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

-encolses the nucleus, separates it from the cytoplasm

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17
Q

Nuclear membrane

A

-double membrane, each consisting of lipid bilayer

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18
Q

Nuclear pores

A

-regulate entry and exit of molecules from the nucleus

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19
Q

Nuclear lamina

A

-maintains shape of nucleus
-composed of protein

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20
Q

Chromatin

A

dna and proteins of chromosomes together
-condenses to form chromosomes as cell prepares to divide

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21
Q

Nucleolus

A

-located within nucleus
-site of ribosomal (rRNA) synthesis

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22
Q

Free ribosome protein synthesis

A

-cytosol
-one location of protein synthesis carried out by ribosomes
-free ribosomes

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23
Q

Bound ribosome protein synthesis

A

-outside of endoplasmic reticulum
-or nuclear envelope

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24
Q

Components of endomembrane system

A

-nuclear envelope
-endoplasmic reticulum
-golgi apparatus
-lysosomes
-vacuoles
-plasma membrane

-continuous or connected via transfer by vesicles

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25
Q

Tasks of endomembrane system

A

-synthesis of proteins and transport them int membranes, organelles or out of cell
-metabolism and movement of lipids
-detoxification of poisons

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26
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

-half of total membrane
-continuous with nuclear envelope
-smooth and rough er

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27
Q

Smooth er

A

-lacks ribosomes
-synthesizes lipids
-metabolizes carbohydrates
-detoxifies drugs and poisons
-stores calcium ions

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28
Q

rough er

A

-surface studded with ribosomes
-has bound ribosomes which secrete glycoproteins
-distributes transport vesicles
-membrane factory for cell

29
Q

Glycoproteins

A

proteins covalently bonded to carbohydrates

30
Q

Transport vesicles

A

proteins surrounded by membranes

31
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

-has cisternae
-modifies products of er
-manufactures certain macromolecules
-sorts and packages materials into transport vesicles

32
Q

Cisternae

A

flattened membranous sacs in Golgi apparatus

33
Q

Lysosome

A

-digestive compartments
-membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that can digest macromolecules
-fuses with food vacuole and digests the molecules
-lysosomal enzymes can hydrolyze proteins, fats, polysaccharides and nucleic acids
-lysosomal enzymes work best in acidic environments inside lysosome

34
Q

Phagocytosis

A

cells engulfing another cell
-forms food vacuole

35
Q

Autophagy

A

lysosome using enzymes to recycle cells own organelles and macromolecules

36
Q

Vacuoles

A

-maintenance compartments
-derived from endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus

37
Q

Contractile vacuoles

A

-in freshwater protists
-pumps excess water out of cells

38
Q

Central vacuoles

A

-in many mature plant cells
-holds organic compounds and water

39
Q

Mitochondria

A

-site of cellular respiration
-in nearly all eukaryotic cells
-smooth outer membrane and inner membrane folded into cirstae
-inner membrane creates inter membrane space and mitochondrial matrix

40
Q

Cellular respiration

A

metabolic process that uses oxygen to generate atp

40
Q

Chloroplasts

A

-found in plants and algae
-site of photosynthesis
-contain chlorophyll, enzymes and other molecules that function in photosynthesis
-thylakoids and stroma
-part of plastids

41
Q

Mitochondria, chloroplasts similarities with bacteria

A

-enveloped by a double membrane
-free ribosomes and circular dna molecules
-grow and reproduce somewhat independently in cells

42
Q

Endosymbiont theory

A

-early eukaryotic cell ancestor engulfed a nonphososynthetic prokaryotic cell, formed endosymbiont relationship with host
-host and endosymbiont merged into single organism (eukaryotic with mitochondria)
-one cell taken up a photosynthetic prokaryote becoming ancestornof cells that contain chloroplasts

43
Q

Cristae

A

-folded inner membrane of mitochondria
-presents large surface area for enzymes to synthesize atp

44
Q

Thylakoids

A

membranous sacs stacked to form granum in chloroplasts

45
Q

Stroma

A

internal fluid of chloroplasts

46
Q

Peroxisomes

A

-oxidative organelles
-specialized metabolic compartments bounded by single membrane
-produce hydrogen peroxide and convert it to water

47
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

-network of fibers extending through the cytoplasm
-organizes the cells structures and activities, anchoring many organelles
-help support cell and maintain its shape
-interacts with motor proteins to produce motility
-molecular transport because of rails provided by cytoskeleton
-regulate biochemical activities

microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments

48
Q

Centrosome

A

-near nucleus where microtubules grow out from
-microtubule organizing center
-pair of centrioles each with 9 triplets of microtubules in a ring

49
Q

Cilia and flagella

A

microtubules control beating of them
-locomotor appendages of some cells
-differ in beating patterns
-common structure, core microtubules sheathed by plasma membrane, basal body that anchors them, motor protein (dynein) for bending movement

50
Q

Cilia

A

-large number on cells surface
-shorter than flagella

51
Q

Flagella

A

-one or a few per cell
-same diameter but longer than cilia

52
Q

Microfilaments (actin filaments)

A

-solid rods built as twisted double chain of acid subunits
-7nm in diameter
-form 3d network (cortex) inside plasma membrane to support cells shape
-bundles of them make up core of microvilli

53
Q

Myosin

A

-in microfilaments in addition to actin that for microfilaments that function in cellular motility

54
Q

Pseudopodia

A

-cellular extensions
-extend and contract through assembly and contraction of actin subunits into microfilaments

55
Q

Cytoplasmic streaming

A

-circular flow of cytoplasm within cells
-driven by actin myosin interactions and sol gel transformations

56
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

-8-12 nm in diameter
-larger than microfilaments smaller than microtubules
-support cell shape and dix organelles in place of-specialized for tension
-more permanent cytoskeleton fixtures than other two

57
Q

Extracellular structures

A

-where synthesized materials go outside plasma membrane
-cell walls of plants
-extracellular matrix animals
-intercellular junctions

58
Q

Cell wall of plants

A

-extra cellular structure that distinguishes plant cells from animal cells
-protects cell, maintains shape, prevents excess water uptake
-made of cellulose fiber embedded in other polysaccharides and proteins
-multiple layer
-thin and flexible

59
Q

Middle lamella

A

thin layer between primary walls of adjacent cells
-plant cells

60
Q

Secondary cell wall

A

-added between plasma membrane and primary cell wall

61
Q

Plasmodesmata

A

channels between plant cells

62
Q

Extracellular matrix

A

-animal cells, no cell walls so covered by ecm
-made of glycoproteins
-ecm proteins bind to integrins
-support, adhesion, movement, regulation

63
Q

Integrins

A

receptor proteins in plasma membrane

64
Q

Cell junctions

A

-facilitate contact and communication between neighboring cells
-plasmodesmata, tight junctions, desmosomes, gap junctions

65
Q

Plasmodesmata

A

channels in plant cell walls
-so that water and small solutes can pass from cell to cell

66
Q

Tight junctions

A

-membranes of neighboring cells pressed together preventing leakage of extracellular fluid
-between 2 cell membranes
-prevents passage of water and solutes through water tight seal of interlocking proteins binding lipid portion of membrane

67
Q

Desmosomes

A

-anchoring junctions
-fasten cells together into strong sheets
-resist stretching and twisting

68
Q

Gap junctions

A

-communicating junctions
-provide cytoplasmic channel between adjacent cells
-connexons form protein channels allowing molecules to pass for communication, rapid communication
-allow ions to pass

BIO 202 (10 decks)

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