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BIO 202 > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Cell

A

-basic structural and functional unit of every organism
-simplest collection of matter that can be alive
-structure is correlated to function
-need microscopes to see

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2
Q

Light microscope

A

-visible light is passed through specimen and then through glass lenses
-lenses bend light so image is magnified
-cannot see most sub cellular structures (organelles)

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3
Q

3 important parameters of microscopy

A

-magnification- ratio of image size to real size
-resolution- measure of clarity or minimum distance between two points
-contrast-visible differences in parts

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4
Q

Scanning electron microscope

A

-focus beam of electrons onto surface of specimen, images that look 3d

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5
Q

Transmission electron microscopes

A

-focus beam of electrons through specimen
-used to study internal structure of cells

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6
Q

Confocal and deconvolution microscopy

A

-recent advances
-provide sharper images of 3d tissues and cells

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7
Q

Cell fractionation

A

-takes cells apart and separates the major organelles from one another
-used so scientists can determine functions of organelles
-use centrifuges

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8
Q

Features of all cells

A

-plasma membrane
-semifluid substance (cytosol)
-chromosomes
-ribosomes
-atp

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9
Q

Chromosomes

A

carry genes in form of dna
-in nucleus
-each has single dna molecule associated with proteins

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10
Q

ribosomes

A

make proteins
-use information from dna to make proteins
-particles made of ribosomal RNA and protein
-carry out protein synthesis

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11
Q

Prokaryotic cells

A

-no nucleus
-dna in unbound region called nucleoid
-no membrane bound organelles
-cytoplasm bound by plasma membrane

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12
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A

-dna in nucleus that is bounded by membranous nuclear envelope
-membrane bound organelles
-cytoplasm in region between plasma membrane and nucleus
-larger

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13
Q

Cell area to volume ratio

A

surface area increases while volume is constant
-cells are small

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14
Q

Plasma membrane

A

-selective barrier that allows passage of oxygen, nutrients and waste
-double layer of phospholipids

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15
Q

Nucleus

A

-contains most of the dna in eukaryotic cell
-contains most of cells genes

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16
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

-encolses the nucleus, separates it from the cytoplasm

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17
Q

Nuclear membrane

A

-double membrane, each consisting of lipid bilayer

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18
Q

Nuclear pores

A

-regulate entry and exit of molecules from the nucleus

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19
Q

Nuclear lamina

A

-maintains shape of nucleus
-composed of protein

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20
Q

Chromatin

A

dna and proteins of chromosomes together
-condenses to form chromosomes as cell prepares to divide

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21
Q

Nucleolus

A

-located within nucleus
-site of ribosomal (rRNA) synthesis

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22
Q

Free ribosome protein synthesis

A

-cytosol
-one location of protein synthesis carried out by ribosomes
-free ribosomes

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23
Q

Bound ribosome protein synthesis

A

-outside of endoplasmic reticulum
-or nuclear envelope

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24
Q

Components of endomembrane system

A

-nuclear envelope
-endoplasmic reticulum
-golgi apparatus
-lysosomes
-vacuoles
-plasma membrane

-continuous or connected via transfer by vesicles

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25
Tasks of endomembrane system
-synthesis of proteins and transport them int membranes, organelles or out of cell -metabolism and movement of lipids -detoxification of poisons
26
Endoplasmic reticulum
-half of total membrane -continuous with nuclear envelope -smooth and rough er
27
Smooth er
-lacks ribosomes -synthesizes lipids -metabolizes carbohydrates -detoxifies drugs and poisons -stores calcium ions
28
rough er
-surface studded with ribosomes -has bound ribosomes which secrete glycoproteins -distributes transport vesicles -membrane factory for cell
29
Glycoproteins
proteins covalently bonded to carbohydrates
30
Transport vesicles
proteins surrounded by membranes
31
Golgi apparatus
-has cisternae -modifies products of er -manufactures certain macromolecules -sorts and packages materials into transport vesicles
32
Cisternae
flattened membranous sacs in Golgi apparatus
33
Lysosome
-digestive compartments -membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that can digest macromolecules -fuses with food vacuole and digests the molecules -lysosomal enzymes can hydrolyze proteins, fats, polysaccharides and nucleic acids -lysosomal enzymes work best in acidic environments inside lysosome
34
Phagocytosis
cells engulfing another cell -forms food vacuole
35
Autophagy
lysosome using enzymes to recycle cells own organelles and macromolecules
36
Vacuoles
-maintenance compartments -derived from endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus
37
Contractile vacuoles
-in freshwater protists -pumps excess water out of cells
38
Central vacuoles
-in many mature plant cells -holds organic compounds and water
39
Mitochondria
-site of cellular respiration -in nearly all eukaryotic cells -smooth outer membrane and inner membrane folded into cirstae -inner membrane creates inter membrane space and mitochondrial matrix
40
Cellular respiration
metabolic process that uses oxygen to generate atp
40
Chloroplasts
-found in plants and algae -site of photosynthesis -contain chlorophyll, enzymes and other molecules that function in photosynthesis -thylakoids and stroma -part of plastids
41
Mitochondria, chloroplasts similarities with bacteria
-enveloped by a double membrane -free ribosomes and circular dna molecules -grow and reproduce somewhat independently in cells
42
Endosymbiont theory
-early eukaryotic cell ancestor engulfed a nonphososynthetic prokaryotic cell, formed endosymbiont relationship with host -host and endosymbiont merged into single organism (eukaryotic with mitochondria) -one cell taken up a photosynthetic prokaryote becoming ancestornof cells that contain chloroplasts
43
Cristae
-folded inner membrane of mitochondria -presents large surface area for enzymes to synthesize atp
44
Thylakoids
membranous sacs stacked to form granum in chloroplasts
45
Stroma
internal fluid of chloroplasts
46
Peroxisomes
-oxidative organelles -specialized metabolic compartments bounded by single membrane -produce hydrogen peroxide and convert it to water
47
Cytoskeleton
-network of fibers extending through the cytoplasm -organizes the cells structures and activities, anchoring many organelles -help support cell and maintain its shape -interacts with motor proteins to produce motility -molecular transport because of rails provided by cytoskeleton -regulate biochemical activities microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments
48
Centrosome
-near nucleus where microtubules grow out from -microtubule organizing center -pair of centrioles each with 9 triplets of microtubules in a ring
49
Cilia and flagella
microtubules control beating of them -locomotor appendages of some cells -differ in beating patterns -common structure, core microtubules sheathed by plasma membrane, basal body that anchors them, motor protein (dynein) for bending movement
50
Cilia
-large number on cells surface -shorter than flagella
51
Flagella
-one or a few per cell -same diameter but longer than cilia
52
Microfilaments (actin filaments)
-solid rods built as twisted double chain of acid subunits -7nm in diameter -form 3d network (cortex) inside plasma membrane to support cells shape -bundles of them make up core of microvilli
53
Myosin
-in microfilaments in addition to actin that for microfilaments that function in cellular motility
54
Pseudopodia
-cellular extensions -extend and contract through assembly and contraction of actin subunits into microfilaments
55
Cytoplasmic streaming
-circular flow of cytoplasm within cells -driven by actin myosin interactions and sol gel transformations
56
Intermediate filaments
-8-12 nm in diameter -larger than microfilaments smaller than microtubules -support cell shape and dix organelles in place of-specialized for tension -more permanent cytoskeleton fixtures than other two
57
Extracellular structures
-where synthesized materials go outside plasma membrane -cell walls of plants -extracellular matrix animals -intercellular junctions
58
Cell wall of plants
-extra cellular structure that distinguishes plant cells from animal cells -protects cell, maintains shape, prevents excess water uptake -made of cellulose fiber embedded in other polysaccharides and proteins -multiple layer -thin and flexible
59
Middle lamella
thin layer between primary walls of adjacent cells -plant cells
60
Secondary cell wall
-added between plasma membrane and primary cell wall
61
Plasmodesmata
channels between plant cells
62
Extracellular matrix
-animal cells, no cell walls so covered by ecm -made of glycoproteins -ecm proteins bind to integrins -support, adhesion, movement, regulation
63
Integrins
receptor proteins in plasma membrane
64
Cell junctions
-facilitate contact and communication between neighboring cells -plasmodesmata, tight junctions, desmosomes, gap junctions
65
Plasmodesmata
channels in plant cell walls -so that water and small solutes can pass from cell to cell
66
Tight junctions
-membranes of neighboring cells pressed together preventing leakage of extracellular fluid -between 2 cell membranes -prevents passage of water and solutes through water tight seal of interlocking proteins binding lipid portion of membrane
67
Desmosomes
-anchoring junctions -fasten cells together into strong sheets -resist stretching and twisting
68
Gap junctions
-communicating junctions -provide cytoplasmic channel between adjacent cells -connexons form protein channels allowing molecules to pass for communication, rapid communication -allow ions to pass

BIO 202 (10 decks)

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