Chapter 4

Question 1

Organic chemistry

Answer 1

study of compounds that contain carbon

Question 2

Carbon importance

Answer 2

-4 valence electrons so it can form 4 covalent bonds with variety of atoms
-ability makes large, complex molecules possible
-carbon chains form skeletons of most organic molecules that vary in length and shape

Question 3

Hydrocarbons

Answer 3

organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen
-undergo reactions that release a large amount of energy

Question 4

Isomers

Answer 4

compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and properties

Question 5

Structural isomers

Answer 5

different cavalry arrangements of their atoms

Question 6

Cis-trans isomers

Answer 6

have the same covalent bonds but differ in spatial arrangements
cis=same side
trans=opposite sides

Question 7

Enantiomers

Answer 7

ironers that are mirror images of each other

Question 8

Functional groups

Answer 8

-the components of organic molecules that are most commonly involved in chemical reactions
-replace the hydrogens attached to skeletons of organic molecules
-the number and arrangement of functional groups give each molecule its unique properties

Question 9

Hydroxyl group

Answer 9

-OH
-alcohols
-polar since electrons spend more time near electronegative oxygen atom
-can form hydrogen bonds with water and dissolve organic compounds

Question 10

Carbonyl

Answer 10

C double bond to O
-ketones= if carbonyl group is within a carbon skeleton
-aldehydes- if carbonyl group is at end of carbon skeleton
-found in sugars ketoses(contain ketones) and aldoses(contain aldehydes)

Question 11

Carboxyl

Answer 11

C double bond to O single bond to OH
-carboxylic acids, organic acids
-acts as an acid, donate an H+ because covalent bond between o and h is so polar
-found in cells in ionized form with -1 charge- called a carboxylate ion

Question 12

Amino

Answer 12

N single bond to H single bond to H
-amines
-acts as base, picks up H+ from surrounding solution
-found in cells in ionized form with +1 charge

Question 13

Sulfhydryl

Answer 13

-SH
-thiols
-2 sulfhyryl groups can react forming a covalent bond, cross linking helps stabilize protein structure

Question 14

Phosphate

Answer 14

P double bond to O, single bond to 3 other Os
-organic phosphates
-contributes negative charge to molecule (-2 when at end, -1 when internally located in chain of phosphates), potential to react with water and release energy

Question 15

Methyl

Answer 15

C single bond to 3 Hs
-methylated compounds
-addition to dna affects expression of genes, arrangement affects shape and function of sex hormones

Question 16

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

Answer 16

-primary energy transferring molecule in the cell
-one organic molecule (adenosine) attached to a strong of 3 phosphate groups