Chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Biology

A

scientific study of life

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2
Q

Life

A

recognized by what living things do

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3
Q

Evolution

A

fundamental organizing principle in biology, process of change that has transformed life on earth, organisms adaptations to its environment are the result

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4
Q

Cell

A

lowest level or organization that can perform all activities required for life

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5
Q

All cells

A

-are enclosed by a membrane
-use dna as their genetic information

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6
Q

Eukaryotic cell

A

has membrane enclosed organelles, largest is nucleus

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7
Q

Prokaryotic cell

A

simpler and smaller, does not contain nucleus or other membrane enclosed organelles

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8
Q

Chromosomes

A

-contain most of a cells genetic material in the form of DNA
-single long dna molecule with thousands of genes

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9
Q

DNA

A

-chemical substance that makes up genes
-inherited by offspring from parents
-controls development and maintenance of organisms

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10
Q

Genes

A

-units of inheritance that transmit information from parents to offspring
-encode information for building proteins
-control protein production indirectly

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11
Q

Ability of cells to divide

A

is basis of all reproduction, growth and repair of multicellular organisms

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12
Q

Gene expression

A

the process of converting information from gene to cellular product

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13
Q

DNA is …

A

transcribed into RNA then translated into a protein

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14
Q

Non coding RNAs

A

-not translated into proteins
-some regulate the functioning of protein coding genes

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15
Q

Systems biology

A

constructs models for the dynamic behavior of whole biological systems, allows biologists to predict how a change in one or more variables will affect other components and whole system
-aim to answer large scale questions

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16
Q

Energy

A

-fundamental characteristic of living organisms is use of energy to carry out life activities
-living organisms transform energy from one form to another
-energy flows through ecosystem enters as light exits as heat
-energy flows are unidirectional
-the chemicals are recycled

17
Q

Work

A

-moving, growing, reproducing
-requires source of energy

18
Q

Enzymes

A

proteins that catalyze chemical reactions (key role in metabolism)

19
Q

Regulatory feedback mechanisms

A

-involve enzymes
-allow biological processes to self regulate

20
Q

Negative feedback

A

as more product accumulates, process that creates it slows and less product is produced

21
Q

Positive feedback

A

as more product accumulates, process speeds up and more product is produced

22
Q

Taxonomy

A

branch of biology that names and classifies species into groups of increasing breadh

23
Q

domains

A

broadest units of classificiation

24
Q

3 domains of life

A

bacteria, archaea, eukarya

25
Q

Bacteria and archaea

A

prokaryotes-single cell and microscopic

26
Q

eukarya

A

all eukaryotic organisms
-3 multicellular kingdoms (plants, fungi and animals)

27
Q

protist

A

single cell eukaryotes, more numerous and diverse in comparison to other eukaryotes

28
Q

Darwin

A

common ancestors, natural selection

29
Q

Natural selection

A

results in adaptation of organisms to their environment

30
Q

Inquiry

A

the search for information and explanation

31
Q

Scientific process

A

includes making observations, forming logical hypotheses, testing them and making conclusions

32
Q

Data

A

recorded observations, information on which inquiry is based

33
Q

Qualitative data

A

descriptions rather than measurements

34
Q

Quantitative data

A

recorded measurements which are sometimes organized into tables and graphs

35
Q

Inductive reasoning

A

draws conclusions through the logical process of induction

36
Q

Hypotheses

A

-what observations and inductive reasoning lead to
-tentative answer to a well framed question
-leads to predictions that can be tested by observation or experimentation
-testable and falsifiable

37
Q

Deductive reasoning

A

uses general premises to make specific predictions

38
Q

Controlled experiment

A

compares an experimental group with a control group
-control groups used to cancel effects of unwanted variables
-only variable of interest differs
-independent variable- manipulated, dependent-measured amount

39
Q

Theory

A

-broader than hypothesis
-general and can lead to new testable hypotheses
-becomes widely adopted