Chapter 9 Flashcards
Compromising the body through microorganisms
infections
The pathway that leads to the infection of a new host
chain of infection
six steps of the chain of infection
- pathogen
- reservoir
- portal of exit
- means of transmission
- portal of entry
- new host
harmful substances that cause illness
toxins
the natural environment of a pathogen
reservoir
Three general ways we are infected by a pathogen
direct contract, inhalation, or ingestion
An infection throughout the body
systemic infection
the bodily system responsible for protecting the body from pathogens
immune system
What is the physical defence of the body?
the skin and cilia
hair like protrusions on cells that are used to sweep away particles
cilia
What are the chemical barriers of the body?
mucous membrane
A type of white blood cell that searches for invaders in the blood stream
neutrophils
group of scavenger cells that eat pathogens and dead cells
macrophages
cells that kills infected or dead cells
natural killer cells
cells inside tissues that eat pathogens and activate lymphocytes
dendritic cells
cells of the lympathic system
lymphocytes
Where do macrophages and dendritic cells congregate to filter bacteria?
lymph nodes
where are immune cells made?
bone marrow
What are the three types of T cells?
helper T cells, killer T cells, and suppress T cells.
Lymphocytes that produce antibodies
B cells
Protiens that can recognize and neutralize specific microbes and are produced by B cells
antibodies
Cells that remember invaders and can reproduce the same immune response in the future
memory t and B cells
diseases that cause the body to attack itself
autoimmune diseases
Markers that identify cells as not part of the body
antigens
How do antibodies work?
the attach themselves to specific antigens to identify the pathogen and trigger the appropriate immune response
A substance that produces the inflammatory response
histamine
What is the inflammatory response?
a response that causes the body to remove invaders and debris after an injury or infection
An immune response when a pathogen is recognized as foreign, but have no memory t or B cells to kick start the reaction.
natural (innate) immune response
An immune response when a pathogen is recognized as foreign by the memory t and B cells
aquired (adaptive) immune response
What are the 4 steps of an immune response?
- dendritic cells consume foreign cells and send information to helper T cells about antigens
- Helper T cells trigger production of killer T cells and B cells
- Killer T cells and natural killer cells destroy infected cells. B cells produce antibodies
- Suppressor T cells stop immune response and memory T and B cells remain in body
When an infected person won’t get the same illness again
immunity
the ability for lymphocytes to remember previous infections
acquired immunity
when viruses are multiplying inside the body without the person’s knowledge, but can still spread the virus
incubation
What causes the symptoms of a illness?
immune response
A way to give a person antibodies without them getting an infection or illness
vaccine
priming the immune system for an infection
immunization
A small dosage of weakened virus is used to cause the body to make antibodies for a more dangerous virus.
viral vector vaccine
Giving a strand of messenger RNA to a patient to allow the body to recognize it as foreign.
mRNA vaccines
when a vaccine causes the body to produce their own antibodies
active immunity
when a person is injected with antibodies
passive immunity
When the immune system detects a non-harmful particle as harmful and triggers an immune response
allergy
Substances that provoke an allergic response
allergens
Microscopic single celled organisms that reproduce by splitting in two inside of cells
Bacteria
True or false: bacteria can be helpful
true
Inflammation of the lungs caused by bacteria, viruses or fungi that clogs the lungs with fluid
pneumonia
bacteria with incomplete cell walls
mycoplasmas
infection of the membrane covering the brain and spinal cord
meningitis
a long chain of bacteria that causes a sore throat and swelling of the tonsils and lymph nodes
streptococcus
A bacteria that grows in the clusters in the skin and nose of health people
staphylococcus
What bacteria produces toxins that cause Toxic Shock Syndrome
staphylococcus
A chronic infection of the lungs that spreads via respiratory route.
Tuberculosis
A type of disease that is transmitted through tick bites passing bacteria
Lyme disease
Substances that kill bacteria by damaging a part of their reproduction system or creating faults in their genes
antibiotic
The term for when a strain of bacteria is no longer effected by a type of treatment
Antibiotic resistance
when an infectious host exhales droplets containing virus into the air and lands on a commonly touched object
fomite transmission
A pathogen that cannot produce it’s own energy and is made of a strain of dna
virus
an infection of the respiratory tract that evolves quickly
influenza
viral illnesses that typically infect children with a rash and fever that can typically become more severe
measles, mumps, and rubella
a type of viruses that can’t be removed from the host for life
herpesviruses
Inflammation of the brain tissue caused by a viral infection
encephalitis
Acute hepatitis infection that causes yellowing of the skin and a malfunctioning liver
jaundice
An organism that absorbs food from organic matter
fungus
Single celled organisms that are only parasitic in nature
protozoa
Large organisms that enter the body and cause infection
parasitic worms
Protein only pathogen that causes degenerative disorders in the central nervous system
prions
What is the most common place prions effect?
the brain
Most common reason for emerging infections?
drug resistance, poverty, poor public health, travel, mass food production, human behaviour, bioterrorism, climate change
