Chapter 8 Flashcards
An abnormal and uncontrolled multiplication of cells
cancer
A mass of tissue cells that does
tumor
a mass of tissue made up of cells similar to surrounding cells by is enclosed in a membrane that prevents them from spreading
benign tumour
Can a benign tumour cause death?
yes, it can constrict blood vesicles or interfere with bodily functions
A tumor that can invade the surrounding tissues
malignant tumour
How does a malignant tumour spread
if a cell gets into the circulation system or the lymphatic system
How is a tumour diagnosed?
Through the detection of a lump in an x-ray or a biopsy
The spreading of cancer cells from one part of the body to another
metastasis
how does metastasis work?
some cells break away from the primary tumour and pass into the lymph or blood vessels. The tumour cell can recruit normal cells to use as envoys of travel and attract more cancer cells. They will keep replicating at the new location
The seeding process at a new site
metastasizing
The location of new tutors formed from traveling cells
secondary tumours or metastases
When some cases of cancer disappear and is considered under control, but does not happen without treatment
remission
What is the most common types of cancer in men and women?
men: prostate. women: breast
What is the deadliest type of cancer?
lung and bronchus
How are tumours classified?
according to the type of cells that cause it
cancer that comes from the tissues that cover the external body and line the internal organs
carcinomas
cancer that comes from cells in the connective tissues
sarcomas
cancers of the lymph nodes or immune system
lymphomas
cancers of the bone marrow
leukemias
Risk factors of developing cancer
tobacco use, high alcohol consumption, exposure to carcinogens, less contact with health care professionals
How is lung cancer detected and treated?
detected in a CT scan or X-ray and treated using surgery or chemotherapy. Other measures like phototherapy, gene therapy and a vaccine are incoming
Risks factors for colon and rectal cancer
Genetics that create polyps, lifestyle like eating a lot of red meat, and regular use of anti-inflammatory drugs
How is colon cancer detected and treated??
monitoring polyps, fecal test, and recall scans. Usually treated through surgery, radiation or chemotherapy
Risk factors for breast cancer
Genetics, early menstruation, late menopause, having no children, having first child after 30, high breast density, using hormone replacement, and being physically inactive.
How is breast cancer detected?
mammogram
How is breast cancer treated?
surgery, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, antibody therapy, and radiation
New drugs being developed for breast cancer
Aromatase inhibitory that interfere with the body’s ability to produce estrogen
How is prostate cancer detected
digital rectal exam and a prostate-specific antigen blood test
What is the problem of prostate-specific antigen blood test
the test is not sensitive enough and lead to false positives
treatment for prostate cancer
radical prostatectomy (removal of prostate), implication of radio active seeds, hormones, cryotherapy, chemo
A serious type of skin cancer
melanoma
What are the primary risk factors to skin cancer
excessive exposure to uv, low, severe and acute sun reactions especially as a child, being light skinned,
Three types of skin cancer
Basal cell carcinoma: cancer of the deepest layer or the skin
squamous cell carcinoma: cancer of the surface of the skin
melanoma: skin cancer hat appears at a pre-existing mole and spreads quickly
Prevention of skin cancer
Wear sun protective clothing like hats and sunglasses, sunscreen, monitoring uv index, don’t use tanning salons or tanning products
Treatment of melanoma
surgery and immune therapies
How is cancer usually detected?
through a doctor exam after you notice any symptoms or warning signs.
How is cancer normally diagnosed?
Through an imaging tecnique like X-rays, CT, or ultrasound
The use of a drug that destroys all rapidly growing cells and can sometime also kill healthy cells
chemotherapy
When chemotherapy is given before surgery
induction chemotherapy
When a beam of X-rayys or gamma rays is directed at a tumour
radiation therapy
Adding antibodies that can help mark cancer cells and boost the immune system.
Immunotherapies
engineered T-cell lymphocytes that are better at targeting and attacking cancer cells
CAR-T-cell therapy
Transplanting stem cells into people who have had their cells depleted by chemotherapy
stem cell transplants
