Chapter 7 Flashcards
Diseases of the heart and blood vessels
cardiovascular disease
What are some things that increase our risk of cardiovascular disease
unhealthy diet, sedentary, overweight, smoking, stress, high blood pressure, high cholesterol levels
The side of the heart that pumps blood to the lungs
right
the side of the heart that pumps blood to the body
left
the system that makes oxygenated blood
pulmonary circulation
the system that delivers oxygenated blood to the body
systemic circulation
the steps of blood travel
- oxygen poor blood travels through veneer cavae into the atrium
- right atrium contracts to pump blood into the ventricle
- ventricle pumps blood through the pulmonary artery into the lungs
- blood fills with oxygen
- blood goes to the left atrium and then to the left ventricle
- left ventricle is full and pumps blood through the aorta and into the rest of the body
two large veins that blood returns to the atrium of the heart
venae cavae
the top chambers of the heart in which blood collects
atrium
the bottom chambers of the heart that pumps the blood to other areas
ventricles
large artery that sends blood to the other parts of the body
aorta
vessels that carry blood away from the heart
arteries
very small blood vessels that serve to exchange oxygen and nutrients from blood to tissues
capillaries
When the heart is contracting
systole
when the heart is relaxed
diastole
the force exerted by blood against the blood on the walls of the blood vessels
blood pressure
the sequence of contractions of the heart chambers that is controlled by nerve impulses
heartbeat
Carry blood to the heart
veins
Vessels on the left and right sides of the heart that gives the heart blood since the blood flowing through the heart’s chambers does not supply it with blood
coronary arteries
What is the leading cause of heart attacks
coronary arteries blockage
What is the risk of smoking a pack of cigs a day, two packs?
twice the risk of a heart attack of typical people and triple the risk
how does smoking effect the blood?
platelets to stick together, damages arteries lining, leaves fatty deposits in the arteries, and increases heart rate and blood pressure
when too much force is exerted against the walls of the arteries
hypertension
what is hypertension (numbers)
above 120 over 80
what causes hypertension?
increased output of blood by the heart and increased resistance to blood flow
a disease that causes arteries to become clogged and narrowed
atherosclerosis
general health risks of hypertension
damages vital organs, increases risk of, heart attack, heart failure, kidney failure, stroke, and blindness
What are recommended ways of controlling hypertension ?
eating less sodium, exercising regularly, eating a healthy diet, quitting smoking, eating enough potassium
a fatty substance a circulates through the blood stream and is an important component of cell membranes and hormones, but can also clog arteries
cholesterol
A type of lipoprotein that brings cholesterol from the liver to the organs and tissues that need it, but the excess stays in the blood stream
low-density lipoproteins
A type of lipoprotein that moves unused cholesterol to the liver
high-density lipoproteins
What is the recommended blood cholesterol level
<5.0 mmol/L
cells that line the inside of arteries and help regulate blood flow, but become constricted with excess weight
endothelial cells
what occurs when chronically elevated pressures in the heart that can lead to heart failure?
ventricular hypertrophy
What are some risks associated with diabetes?
hypertension, obesity, high blood lipid levels, platelets and blood coagulation and dying younger
What is most likely to cause diabetes?
gaining excess weight or obesity
A type of blood fat that is associated with high cholesterol, obesity, diabetes, smoking, alcohol, and high carbohydrate diets. It is also linked to heart disease in high levels.
high triglyceride
When the body becomes less sensitive to the effect of insulin leading to rises in blood glucose levels.
insulin resistance
When a single person has three of five characteristics that increase risks of heart disease.
metabolic syndrome
What occurs when an artery is injured by smoking, cholesterol, hypertension or other factors
inflammation
Why is inflammation dangerous?
high levels of C-reactive protein that is released in the inflammatory response can increase risk of a cardiovascular disease.
what are the psychological factors that lead to cardiovascular disease?
stress, chronic hostility, suppressing negative emotions, depression, anxiety, social isolation, low SES
What are the unavoidable risks of CVD?
Genetics, Aging, Gender, Ethnicity, Geography
The thickening and hardening of the arteries due to deposits of fat, cholesterol, and other substances. This causes the arteries to be damaged, starting the inflammation response. Eventually causing a blockage due to all the plaque.
Atherosclerosis
The build up of lipids on the walls of blood vessels
plaque
A type of atherosclerosis that occurs in the coronary parties that supply the heart with blood that eventually causes a heart attack.
coronary heart disease
When does atherosclerosis begin?
in childhood from trauma
When the heart muscle is damaged or dies from a lack of blood
heart attack
Who is most likely to not have chest pain in a heart attack?
women, ethnic minorities, older adults, and people with diabetes
The rate of people having heart attacks is ___
decreasing
The chest pain that occurs when the body cannot supply enough oxygen into certain areas due to narrow arteries
angina pectoris
What can angina pectoris indicate?
that the heart is working too hard
when the electrical conduction system in the heart is disrupted leading to an irregular heart beat
arrhythmia
when an arrhythmia cal ventricular fibrillation causes the heart to quiver and be unable to pump blood
sudden cardiac death
when an electrical shock is delivered to the heart to restore it’s rhythm
electrical defibrillation
When a small piece of tube is inserted into an artery up into the coronary arteries and injects a special dye. the dy can be seen moving through the body by a x-ray
coronary angiogram
placing a small wire in the artery and inflating a ballon over a narrowed passage to push the plaque against the walls of the artery and increase the passage
ballon angioplasty
When a metal tube is placed in an artery that is repeatedly clogged
stenting
when a healthy blood vessel is moved from one part of the body to replace an unhealthy one near the heart.
coronary bypass surgery
when blood to the brain is cut off causing cells to die
stroke
a stroke caused by a blockage in a blood vessel
ischemic stroke
A stroke caused by a blockage in the cerebral artery
thrombotic stroke
a stroke caused by a blood clot that wanders to the cerebral artery
embolic stroke
when a blood vessel in the brain bursts and spills into surrounding tissue
hemorrahagic stroke
when the rupture of a blood vessel occurs deep in the brain
intracerebral hemorrhage
when the rupture of a blood vessel occurs on the surface of the brain
subarachnoid hemorrhage
when a hemorrhage is caused by a head injuries
aneurysm
What is the consequences of a stroke?
decrease in nerve sensation and function like, memory loss, paralysis, walking disability, and changes in behaviour
A small stroke that occurs without the person knowing that can predict a larger one
transient ischemic attack
What treatments are available for stroke?
physical therapy, blood pressure medication, clot dissolving medications,
atherosclerosis in the leg or arm arteries
peripheral arterial disease
when the heart cannot maintain adequate pumping rate and force, so fluid backs up in the legs, ankles and lungs.
congestive heart failure
Heart defects in newborns like holes in the heart chambers
congenital heart defects
