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SOC 100 > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

1
Q

General points on gender

A
  • highly contested
  • not binary but rather a sliding scale of roles and identities
  • a lot of the work on gender has been done by women especially black women and poc women
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2
Q

Sex and gender, who

A

-sex: biological traits that societies use to categorize people often (especially in the west) as either male or female
-Gender: cultural meaning that societies attach to sex categories, consists of behaviours society considers “normal” for a person of a particular sex
-Ann Oakley was one of the first to distinguish sex from gender in a sociological way

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3
Q

Gender role, Intersex, Transgender

A
  • Gender role: set of attitudes and expectations concerning behaviour that relates to the sex assigned at birth (sex is also a social construct devised to make sense of the world)
  • Intersex: refers to anyone born with both “male” and “female” sexual characteristics
  • Transgender: reflects western society’s binary view of sex and gender, (a person whose lived identity does not conform with the gender role associate with their assigned sex)
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4
Q

Transsexual

A

someone with the physical characteristics of one sex category and a persistent desire to belong to another.

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5
Q

Two-spirit people and Manly-hearted women

A
  • Indigenous people (in north america) have a more complex view of gender variability
  • Two-spirit people: umbrella term to describe those who identify with one of the many gender roles beyond male and female
    -Manly-hearted women: women with attitudes and ambitions typically associated with men
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6
Q

David Reimer: Assigning gender case study

A
  • committed suicide
    -unsuccessful social experiment in assigning gender
    -was castrated, given female hormones, renamed as brenda and raised as a girl
    -was born with traists we categorize as male was forced to undergo surgery and hormone treatment to change biological sex to female
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7
Q

Raising the profile of transgender people

A
  • in 2015 Caitlyn Jenner brought the experience of transgender people into public consciousness
  • may be the most known transgender woman
  • Jenna Talackova (Vancouver transgender woman) won the right to compete i the 2012 miss universe Canada pageant
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8
Q

Measuring gender case study

A
  • Caster Semenya, Olympic medalist
  • missed a year of competition while the IAAF investigated claims her body produced 25 times the amount of testosterone found in most women
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9
Q

Feminism and gender theory, who

A
  • Feminism evolved in a series of “waves” each distinguished by a different set of objectives
  • Beatrice Kachuck divides feminist theories into 4 categories
    1. Liberal feminism
    2. Essentialist feminism
    3. Socialist feminism
    4. Postmodernist feminism
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10
Q

Liberal feminism

A
  • seeks to secure equal rights for women in all phases of public life (ex: education, jobs, pay)
  • it is associated with the fight for pay equality
    criticisms:
  • reflects mainly concerns and interests of white middle-class, straight cisgender western women
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11
Q

Essentialist feminism

A
  • argues that women and men essentially different in the way they think
  • men and women have different world views: men view the world as competition and opposition to others, while women view the world in terms of unity
  • patriarchal society devalues femininity
    Kachuck three main criticisms:
    1. universalizes women, assuming erroneously that all women experience gender alike
    2. confuses natural instincts with strategies women have devised for coping with the demands of a patriarchal society
    3. encourages us to see women as “social housekeeps in a world that men build”
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12
Q

Socialist feminism

A
  • looks at intersections of oppression between class and gender
  • lower and middle/upper-class women have access to different resources and face different struggles
    Criticism:
  • race, ethnicity, ableism, and sexual orientation get overlooked
  • ex: black women in north america face some of the same difficulties of prejudice and stereotyping regardless of class
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13
Q

Postmodernist feminism

A
  • Argues there is no natural basis for identities based on gender, ethnicity, race, ect.
    -social-constructionist perspective
    -opposes essentialist feminism
    Queer theory
  • Rejects the idea that male and female genders are natural binary opposites
  • Gender is continuum not one of two categories (male or female)
    Criticism:
    -problematizes, but leads to no conclusions
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14
Q

Gendered occupation and education

A
  • Certain jobs and post-secondary programs are gendered
  • one gender will be more prevalent
  • the work itself is typically imbued with gendered meanings and defined with gendered terms
    ex: nursing is associated with words like “nurturing” and “caring” which are feminine traits and offshoots of motherhood
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15
Q

applying the Gender lens to life

A
  • society continues to organize itself in ways that are gendered
  • Different clothing store, or departments within stores, for men and for women
  • different places for men and women to get their haircut
    -pink is always an option in products for girls
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16
Q

feminization of work

A
  • feminization of an occupation occurs when a profession or industry becomes dominated by or predominantly associated with women
  • is linked to lower earnings, less job protection, and fewer benefits ex: financial service advisers, administrative assistants
  • women’s work during 18th century “Gin craze” in london
    -women’s clerical work in canada 1891-1971
17
Q

In 2000 men outnumbered women by a ratio of at least 2 to 1 in the following occupations

A
  • Forestry, fishing, mining, and oil and gas
  • Manufacturing
  • Construction
  • Agriculture
    these are part of the goods-producing sector where men were over 75% of the total workforce
18
Q

Women made up 53% of the workforce and outnumbered men by at least 15 per cent in the following categories:

A
  • Finance and insurance
  • Educational services
  • Accommodation and food services
  • Healthcare and social assistance (dominance was more than 4 to 1)
19
Q

gendered work today

A
  • 2018 men make up 78% of labour force in the goods-producing sector while women make up 78% of jobs in the services-producing sector
  • little has changed between 2000 and 2018
  • since 1991 top three jobs with a university degree have been:
    1. elementary teacher
    2. registered nurse
    3. secondary teacher
20
Q

pay gap

A

-women still earn 87 cents for every dollar a man earns primarily because of the kinds of work women and men do

21
Q

four performances of masculinity, who

A
  • Connell
    1. Hegemonic masculinity: practices that normalize and naturalize men’s dominance and women’s subordination
    2. Subordinate masculinity: practices that could threaten the legitimacy of hegemonic masculinity
    3. Marginalized masculinity: adaption of masculinities to issues such as race and class
    4. Complicit masculinity: practices that do not embody hegemonic processes, but benefit from them
22
Q

Being a gender minority in an occupation case study: early childhood education, who

A
  • Sargent (researcher)
  • found that being a minority in a gendered job can have a profound impact on one’s gendered performance at work
  • men in early childhood education have to juggle subordinate masculinity (ex: being nurturing) and stereotypical masculinity performances (ex: sexualization of the male touch)
23
Q

Gendered pay gap among physicians Ontario Medical Association study

A
  • data from 2017-2018, published in 2021
    -two measures of the pay gap: annual and daily
    daily gap was 13.5 % difference
  • could be explained by a greater percentage of specialists, particularly in fields such as neurosurgery, cariology, and vascular surgery
    -female physicians worked fewer days a year than male physicians reasons given:
  • taking maternity leave
  • more likely to have family responsibilities of parenting and of being caregivers to older relatives that require their presence
24
Q

Gendered pay gap among physicians Kennedy study

A
  • found some blame
    -Referral bias: male physicians are more likely to be the doctors that patients are referred to
  • sexual discrimination: in hiring and promotion especially among specialists
  • Lack of leading female physicians in committees negotiating with provincial and federal governments for payment policies
25
Q

What keeps women from taking math and engineering

A
  • STEM dominated by men
  • unemployment rate for graduates with STEM degrees is higher for women than men
  • Employment mismatch: women with STEM degrees are more likely to be underemployed
26
Q

Intersecting oppression

A
  • race and gender intersect to amplify oppression
  • two forms of institutionalized sexual violence involving the reproduction rights of women: sexual sterilization and abortions without consent
    ex: experiences of indigenous women
  • inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous women and girls published its final report in 2019
27
Q

Gender and immigration

A
  • At times in Canadian history, only men or women of a particular ethnic group were permitted or encouraged to immigrate
    -Chinese head tax (exclusion of women)
    -Foreign Domestic Movement program & live-in caregiver program (women as immigration pioneers)
  • as temporary and poorly paid employees the women were vulnerable to exploitation and physical, emotional, and sexual abuse
28
Q

Misogynoir and transmisogynoir

A

Misogynoir:
-Moya Bailey (black gay feminist)
- refers to the combination of racism and sexism experienced by black women
-First used in reference to the way black women have been presented in hip hop, and generally in american visual and popular culture
Tranmisogynoir:
- negative treatment and attitude towards black people who are born assigned the male gender but identify with the female gender

29
Q

Sexuality

A
  • Refers to feelings of sexual desire and attraction and how these are expressed
  • like gender it is fluid and often changes over time
    -Heterosexual: sexually attracted to people of the opposite sex
  • Homosexual (queer or gay):sexually attracted to same sex
  • Lesbian: women sexually attracted to other women
  • Bisexual: sexually attracted (equally or unequally) to both sexes
    -LGBTQI2s (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer/questioning, intersex, Two-Spirit): all encompassing term for anyone who does not identify as heterosexual and/or cisgender

SOC 100 (12 decks)

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