Chapter 11 Flashcards
successful families
-provide emotional support for family members
-Take care of elders
-raise the next generation
Extended family, Simple households, complex households
- Extended family = nuclear family + aunts, uncles, cousins, and grandparents
- Simple households: unrelated adults with or without children
-Complex households two or more adults who are related but not married to each other and therefore could reasonably be expected to live separately
Nine changes in the Canadian family
- marriage rate is decreasing while cohabitation rate is increasing
- age of first marriage is rising (since the 70’s but a lot since the 90’s)
- more divorces overall, but the rate is falling
- more women are having children in their 30’s
- number of children per family has dropped below the replacement rate
- nearly as many couples without children as with
- children leaving the home at a later age
- more lone parent families
- more people living alone
tracking family and marriage data in Canada
- Canadian families have changed a lot of the past 40 years
- Statistics Canada stopped collecting data in 2011
- for 90 years marriages were tracked and they started tracking divorces in 1972
Crude marriage rate
the number of marriages that occur in a given year per 1000 people in a population (it fluctuates over the years)
divorce rate and laws
- 1968 divorce got easier divorce rate increases
- 1985 Divorce act makes it even easier so divorce rate increases
- 2002 the divorce rate declined
more women having kids in their 30’s
- 2010 average age of women giving birth surpassed 30
-by 2011 12% of women over 35 gave birth for the first time
-by 2015 teen birth rate declined to 2.5% - average age of first time mothers related to average age at marriage
Fecundity
- the physical ability to conceive
Total fertility rate, replacement rate
- Total fertility rate: an estimate of the average number of children that women between 15 to 49 will have in their life time
- Replacement rate: the number of children that the average women must have for the population to continue at the same level
as many couples with as without
- in 2011 there were more couples without children than with
- 2016 there were slightly more with
children leaving home at later age
- clustered nest: phenomenon where adult children continue to live at home with their parents
- slightly more men than women
lone parent
- most lone parent households began as two-parent households
- there are planned lone-parent households
- adoption as well as advances in fertility offer various ways to become a parent
more people living alone
- more women living alone than men
- women outlive men which contributes to this
Family in Quebec
- highest cohabitation rate
- lowest marriage rate
- highest divorce rate
-in 2011 greatest number of births to single mothers - greatest percentages of births to divorced women
- greatest support for same sex marriages (which was legalized in 2005)
Conjugal roles, Bott hypothesis
Conjugal roles: distinctive roles of the husband and wife that result from the division of labour within the family
Bott hypothesis (Elizabeth Bott): characterized conjugal roles as
Segregated : tasks, interests, and activities are clearly different
or
Joint: many tasks, interests, and activities are shared
Beaujot, changes in conjugal roles
- argues we moved from complementary to companionate relationships
- complementary roles: (Bott’s segregated roles) cast men as breadwinners and women primarily in the unpaid work of childcare and housework
-Companionate roles: (Bott’s joint roles): breadwinning and caretaking roles overlap
moving to companionate relationships, double ghetto
- the move is not complete
- married women still do more unpaid work at home than men
- imbalance referred to as double burden or second shift
- double ghetto: the marginalization of working women experience inside and outside the home
Gender strategy, occupational segregation who
- Nakhaie
-key to correcting gender imbalances is gender strategy: plan of action through which a person tried to solve problems given cultural notions of gender at play - occupational segregation: women choose occupations that have the most flexibility in terms of childcare related work interruptions.
ethnic factor in conjugal roles
- recent immigrants in some ethnic groups adhered more to segregated conjugal roles
- immigrants often slowly assimilate and adopt western approach
- ethnic factor must be considered in any study of gender roles in family
Division of domestic labour and gender
- Frank and Frenette
- Mostly done by women except outside work (repairs)
- most equally done task are : dishes, grocery shopping, and gardening
-both men and women think their sex does more work than they actually do - men are more satisfied than women
- women in older couples (45+) more dissatisfied
- Women with young children (under 15) more dissatisfied
-Post secondary education, place of birth, and employment status were also factors that influenced women’s dissatisfaction
Endogamy, Exogamy
Endogamy: marrying someone of the same ethnic, religious, or cultural group
Exogamy: marrying outside one’s group
- ex: south Asians and Chinese people have tradition of endogamy
- Canadians are becoming more comfortable with exogamy ex: Japanese
government and ethnicity
-history of Canadian government creating policies to deprive racialized minorities of family
ex: - expensive head tax on immigrants from China and South Asia
- treatment of domestic workers (Guadeloupe, Jamaica)
Attacks on indigenous Family
-Indian Agents withheld food rations to enforce monogamy
- residential schools
- indigenous people (especially women) were subject to forced sterilization
- Alberta’s sexual sterilization act (eugenics, a form of genocide)
- sixties scoop
