Chapter 4 Flashcards
types of socialization
-primary socialization: occurs during childhood
-secondary socialization: occurs later in life
determinism and types
-refers to the degree to which an individual’s behaviour attitude and other characteristics are determined or caused by something
- biological (nature)
-social/ cultural (nurture) also called behaviourism
freud: human mind has three parts
-Id: unconscious instinct drives (eros=pleasure seeking)(Thanatos=aggression and violence)
-superego: polices the id (your conscience)
-Ego: personality, driven by the id, restrained by the superego
behaviour modificaiton
- shaping behaviour through rewards and punishments
-edward thorndike called it the law of effect
critiques of behaviourism
-over socialized representation of humans (canadian dennis H wrong)
-individuals are not passive recipients of the messages that oursocializing agent gives us, they have the agencies to resist
Agents of socialization
-groups that have a significant impact on one’s socialization ex: family, peers, school, media
- the impact of socializing agents is contested
two categories of agents of socialization who?
- George Herbert Mead
-1. significant others: key individuals that young children imitate and model
-2. Generalized others: attitudes, viewpoints, and general expectation of the society into which the child is socialized (freud would call it the superego’s internalization of societal norms)
child socialization stages (Mead)
- preparatory stage: involve child imitating
- play stage: child engages in role-taking and assumes the perspective of significant others
- game stage: child is able to consider several roles and viewpoints simultaneously
looking glass (charles cooley) and the three components. who studied girl’s self esteem?
-individual’s self image is based on how they think they are perceived
1. how you imagine you appear to others
2. How you imagine others judge your appearance
3. how you feel as a result (proud, self-confident, ect)
-Carol Gilligan
arnett and balle-jensen made the distinction between broad socialization and narrow socialization
- broad socialization: more individualistic cultures have less restrictiveness on dimensions of socialization= higher rates of risk behaviour
- narrow socialization: cultures characterized by obedience and conformity= lower rates of risk behaviour
two theories about tv and violence, who
-Rowell Huesmann
1. observation learning theory: children aquire aggressive scripts for solving social problems
2. Desensitization theory: desensitizes or numbs the natural negative reaction to violence
Habitus and reproduction, who
-jib fowles
1. habitus: wide-ranging set of socially acquired characteristics ex. manners, good taste
2. Reproduction:
-the means by which a class preserves status differences among classes
-argued that the condemnation of television violence is an aim at reproducing the habitus of the dominant class by condemning the habitus of the dominated class
Hurried child syndrome, who
-David Elkind
-children have lost free play, overly structured activities
-overprogramming has led children to feel adult amounts of stress
-digital communication has created generational gap
secondary socialization and resocialization
- secondary soc, occurs in adolescence or early adulthood, involves a group smaller than society (eg. new school) does not include family
- Resocialization: process of unlearning old behaviours and learning new behaviours upon moving into a significantly different social environment
involuntary resocialization
- when someone is forced to change
-total institutions resocialize by regulating all aspects of an individual’s life ex. military
-degradation ceremony (rite of passage that strips a person of individuality) ex.Hazing
status set
-a collection of statuses people have over a lifetime
-statuses and our status set change as we age
Achieved status vs. Ascribed status
Achieved: a status you enter into at some stage of your life (not born into)
Ascribed: born into or enters involuntarily
Master status, who
-Everett C. Hughes
-Dominates all of an individual’s statuses in most social contexts
-plays the greatest role in the formation of the individual’s social identity
ex: race, ethnicity, gender
Labelling theory
negative effects of labels, they can create a powerful master label that is internalized
Status consistency vs status inconsistency
- consistency: the condition a person experiences when all of their statuses fall in the same range in the social hierarchy
- inconsistency: occur when a person holds social statuses that are ranked differently or do not align
Role
- set of behaviours and attitudes associated with a particular status
-roles attached to a status may differ by culture
Role set
- all the roles attached to a particular status
-ex professors have the role of teachers, colleagues, emplyees ect.
Role strain vs role conflict
- strain: develops when there is conflict between roles within the role set of a particular status
ex: student catches classmate cheating - conflict: occurs when a person is forced to reconcile incompatible expectations from two or more statuses they hold
-ex: conflicting demands of being a mother and student
Role exit who
-helen rose fuchs ebaugh
-the process of disengaging form a role that has been central to one’s identity and attempting to establish a new role
- involves shifting one’s master status
ex: divorce, death
George Gerbner, 3 kinds of stories, his view on television violence
1.How things are
2.How things work
3.What to do about them
-tv’s effect on rates of committing violence is negligible
-rather is cultivates fear of violence
culture
stories and messages that govern our conception of life and our behaviour
cultivation
-the building and maintenance of stable images of life and society
