Chapter 8 Flashcards
1.Racialization and 2.visible minorities
1.social process in which groups are viewed as essentially different in terms of their intellect, morality, values, and innate worth based on perceived physical differences or cultural heritage (viewed as superior or inferior)
2. person who is not indigenous or white
Master narrative, the who’s
-the story a nation tells about itself to celebrate its past and present
-evolves over time
-reproduced and refined for schoolbooks, museums, propaganda, and popular culture
-glosses over/ omits certain unpleasant events (that make them look bad) these events become “buried knowledge” (Foucault)
Indigenous people in Canada
-their racialization (by Europeans) began in the 16th century
-have been here for at least 14 thousand years
-93% of Canada’s history is indigenous alone
-Are often studied as problems (according to Larocque)
Indigenous status
-defined by a complex system of legal statuses that separates them from non indigenous people and from themselves
-Registered indian
-Bill C-31 indian
-band member
-reserve resident
-treaty indian
-metis
-eskimo
Indian act
-is where legal differences stem from
-statuses are administered by the federal department of crown-indigenous and northern affairs
-enshrined sexist definition of “indian”
1. any man of “indian blood” known to belong to a particular band
2. any child of such a man
3. any woman married to such a man
-only definition until 1985
Bill C-31, Metis, inuit
-1985 enabled people who lost their status through marriage or through the marriage of their mother to be reinstated
-Inuit have been in Canada a shorter time and occupy artic territory
-Metis = french fur traders and cree women
Buried knowledge and doctrine of discovery
- an alternative view that comes from groups or individuals with less power to speak this knowledge challenges the accepted views of the majority and makes them look bad
2.policy enacted by the catholic church granting Christian nations the right to take possession of lands of non-Christians with the intent of saving their souls
Black communities in Atlantic Canada
-have existed in nova scotia since the British proclamation
-offered freedom to slaves who left their American masters to fight for the British in the American revolution
-hardship and prejudice ex: Viola Desmond
-segregation ended in nova scotia in 1954
Black settlement in Alberta
-government granted harrison sneed (minister from all black town) land no one wanted
-he brought more people and even more came later
-refered to as the “black one thousand”
-1914 this immigration stopped as Wilfrid laurier banned “negros” from settling in canada
black people in Canada today
-1792 population declined when black loyalists left for the new African colony Sierra Leone
-decline from 1871-1911 and 1941-1951
-began to rise in 1970s
-are now the third largest visible minority
Asian Canadians
-2/3 of Canadians are of Asian ancestry
-South Asians and Chinese are the two largest visible minorities
-do not always face the same barriers to success as other racialized minorities
Chinese immigration
-Chinese immigrants came to west coast mid 19th century : poverty and political upheaval in China, drawn to BC because of work opportunities
-viewed with suspicion verging on disgust
-to stall their immigration gov imposed a head tax
effects of tax: chances of marrying a chinese woman decreases ratio of men to women 28:1
therefore limited population growth
act to prevent employment of female labour
- gov of saskatchewan
-white women/girls were not to reside or work in businesses owned, kept, or managed by japanese, chinese or other “oriental” people
Japanese soldiers and the world wars
-volunteered to serve in first world war
-have been here since 1870s
-were placed in internment camps and dispossessed of their property
South asian immigration
-canada passed law that required all asian immigrants entering to have at least 200$
-prohibited the landing of any immigrant arriving directly from any point outside of India
-komagata maru was forced to turn around as they could not pay 200$ to enter
closed contracts
-visas tied to one particular employer can be fired without just cause, ending the visa, forcing the worker to return to their home country
-few rights
Race
-you are socialized into it
-nothing to do with nationality, language, or cultural practices
-is based on how you look to other people, you will be judge for it (good or bad)
-category that may be supported or denied by the state and other social institutions
Ethnicity
-membership in a cultural group, is associated with distinct cultural practices and behaviours
-people identify with 1 race but multiple ethnicities
-something you can opt into
-not the same as nationality
approaches that are useful to understanding ethnic conflict
-essentialism
-postcolonialism
-epiphenomenal
-instrumentalism
-social constructivism
Essentialism (primordialism)
-view that every ethnic group is defined by a list of traits carried down from past to present with little change
-presents static view of ethnic culture where culture only changes with the influence of outside forces
-absolves colonial powers of blame
Postcolonialism
-framework that analyzes the destructive impact colonialism has on the colonized and the colonizer
-usefully applied to study situations involving indirect rule: european nation uses members of an ethnic group or tribe as its intermediaries in ruling african territory
Epiphenomenal
-describes a secondary effect that arises from but does not casually influence a second phenomenon
-suggests that ethnic conflict is a by-product of the struggle between classes
-there is a level of truth but fails to explain why the poor identified with the rich
Instrumentalism, ethnic entrepreneurs
-focuses on immerging ethnicity rather than old ethnic characteristics
presented as opposite to essentialism and compatible with epiphenomenal
-elite members who mobilize ethnicity for personal gain= ethnic entrepreneurs
ex: hitler “aryan race”
Social constructivism
-view that ethnicity is fake, constructed by individuals to serve an agenda
-ethnicity created by the elite
-not very valid since it overstates the influence of the elite
-looks at the motivation of the broader group not just the elites
Standpoint theory
-argues that the perspective sociological researchers bring to their work is strongly influenced by their social location
W.E.B Du Bois
-first african american sociologist founder of NAACP
-studied problems concerning black people
advocated for legal actions against lynching and more
Daniel G. Hill
-first Black Canadian sociologist
- applied his sociological training to a number of social causes
Who made intersectionality
Kimberle crenshaw and patricia hill colins
Racism is a product of
-Racialization
-prejudice
-discrimination
-power
different kinds of racism
-Racial bigotry: open, conscious expression of racist views
-Systemic or institutional racism: racist practices, rules, and laws have become institutionalized
-Polite, smiling, or friendly racism: racism hidden behind smile or words that seem friendly (microaggressions)
Carding
-racial profiling often comes into play
-in nova scotia 2018 it was found that black people were 6 times more likely that white people to be carded
Hate crime
- mostly happen to black and indigenous people
-asians saw a huge increase during covid
