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PSY 305 > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

1
Q

three functions of color vision

A

classify and identify colors (ex. red = stop or anger)

facilitates perceptual organization (ex. seeing one object from another)

allows us to survive (ex. recognizing colors of food)

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2
Q

what did Isaac Newton propose regarding white light?

A

white light has a mixture of many colors

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3
Q

prism

A

object that could separate different colors from the white light

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4
Q

visual spectrum

A

colors that humans can perceive (400 - 700 nm)

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5
Q

match the wavelengths to the color

A

blue = short

green = medium

yellow = medium/long

red = long

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6
Q

how do wavelengths get processed?

A

colors of objects are determined by wavelengths that are reflected by light into the eyes

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7
Q

chromatic colors

A

light is able to reflect different wavelengths (e.g., red, green, blue)

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8
Q

selective reflection

A

in chromatic colors, some colors reflect more than others

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9
Q

achromatic colors

A

light reflects equal wavelengths (e.g., white, black, gray)

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10
Q

selective transmission

A

transparent objects (eg., liquids, plastics, glass) allow wavelengths to pass through

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11
Q

reflectance and transmission curves

A

used to plot the percentage of light reflected or transmitted to perceive specific wavelengths

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12
Q

two ways to mix color to describe different wavelengths

A

mixing paints (paint absorbs or takes away colors; short, medium, and long mixed together creates BLACK; SUBTRACTIVE – blue + yellow = green, blue and yellow no longer present)

mixing light (short, medium, and long superimposed or placed over each other creates WHITE; ADDITIVE – green, medium + red, long = yellow, medium-long)

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13
Q

three perceptual dimensions of color

A

hue (color being assessed)

saturation (perceived intensity and pureness of color; how strong it is)

value/lightness (perceived brightness of the color)

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14
Q

desaturation

A

fading of a color due to more white in it

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15
Q

trichromatic theory of color vision

A

three different color mechanisms (for three different wavelengths: short, medium, long) are responsible for color vision

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16
Q

color matching experiment

A

behavioral evidence for trichromatic theory

adjust 3 wavelengths to match the test field of one wavelength

findings:
adjusting 3 wavelengths = possible to match any colors in the test field
adjusting two wavelengths only = cannot match all colors
normal color vision = requires 3 receptors

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17
Q

test field

A

the color light the experimenter wants the observer to match

18
Q

comparison field

A

observer must manipulate the lighting to match the test field color

19
Q

3 cone pigments in terms of wavelengths

A

short wavelength, medium, long

20
Q

visual pigment molecule

A

refers to cones because rods only have short wavelengths

retinal bends from opsin to produce light

21
Q

opsin

A

protein structure differs representing the three different pigments

22
Q

metamerism

A

situation in which colors of different wavelengths create an identical color

23
Q

metamers

A

different wavelengths that come together to make a similar color

24
Q

1 receptor = 1 visual pigment only

A

wavelengths cannot be identified

color from light looks the same (shades of gray)

25
Q

principle of univariance

A

when only 1 receptor exists

receptors can’t detect differences in wavelengths, only the intensity of light

26
Q

2 receptors = 2 visual pigments

A

ability to identify 2 wavelengths and not just intensity of light

27
Q

3 receptors = 3 visual pigments

A

ability to identify 3 wavelengths, creating perception of many colors

28
Q

who proposed the two theories of color vision

A

trichromatic theory of color vision - Helmholtz, Young, and Maxwell

opponent-process theory - Hering

29
Q

phenomenological method

A

describing an observation

30
Q

Hering’s color circle experiment

A

pure colors that cannot be mixed with other colors: red, yellow, green, blue (primary colors or unique hues)

opponent colors: blue/yellow, green/red, black/white

31
Q

opponent neurons

A

located in retina and LGN

respond in excitatory manner to one end of the visible spectrum and an inhibitory manner to the other for color pairings

32
Q

trichromatic + opponent-process theory

A

each theory describes physiological mechanisms in the visual system

trichromatic - explains cones in retina

opponent-process - explains neural response from cones to the brain

33
Q

Ishihara plates

A

color vision test to diagnose people w/ color deficiency

try to identify number inside dotted circle image

34
Q

unilateral dichromats

A

very rare condition where people have normal color vision in one eye but deficient in the other

35
Q

monochromat (definition + effect on daily life)

A

has one wavelength to see color; see shades of gray

only rods, no functioning cones

poor visual acuity (unable to see details) and sensitive to bright light

color blindness

36
Q

dichromat

A

has 2 wavelengths to see color

perceived some color but not all

males tend to have it more because of lack of extra X chromosome

color deficiency

37
Q

3 types of dichromats

A

protanopia (primary - red/long)

deuteranopia (secondary - green/medium)

tritanopia (third - blue/short)

38
Q

protanopia

A

lacking red cones

sees short wavelengths (blue)

fades to gray (neutral point) at 492 nm –difficulty seeing green

long wavelengths = yellow above neutral point – difficulty seeing red

39
Q

deuteranopia

A

lacking green cones

sees short wavelengths (blue)

fades to gray (neutral point) at 498 nm – difficulty seeing green (lacks medium wavelength pigment)

long wavelengths = yellow above neutral point (cannot see red as much)

40
Q

tritanopia

A

lacking blue cones

very rare dichromat

difficulty seeing blue

fades to gray at 570 nm

long wavelengths = red above neutral point (cannot see yellow)

41
Q

color constancy

A

we perceive colors of objects as not changing even under different lighting

42
Q

lightness constancy

A

we perceived achromatic colors as remaining relatively constant

we may see different shades of gray due to amount of light reflected but color itself doesn’t change

PSY 305 (12 decks)

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