Chapter 10

Question 1

depth perception

Answer 1

automatic through repeated exposure of cues

identify info (cues) in a scene to perceive depth (how far or deep something is visually)

Question 2

oculomotor cues

Answer 2

cues given based on sending the position of eyes through tension in eye muscles

depth cues created by convergence and accomodation

Question 3

convergence

Answer 3

inward movement of eyes when focusing on nearby objects

Question 4

accommodation

Answer 4

change in the shape of lens to focus on objects at different distances

lens flatten = far away objects; lens thicken = nearby objects

Question 5

monocular cues

Answer 5

cues available in one eye (2D)

pictorial cues and movement based cues

Question 6

pictorial cues

Answer 6

occlusion (object hides or partially hides from another object, making it seem farther away)

relative height (objects closer to the base of the horizon are seen as more distant than ones from the base)

relative size (when objects are of equal size, the one farther away takes up less of your field of view than the closer one)

familiar size (judging distance according to prior knowledge of sizes of objects)

perspective convergence (parallel lines appear to come together in the distance)

atmospheric perspective (occurs when distant objects appear less sharp (foggy or unclear); farther = short wavelengths)

texture gradient (elements in a scene seem more closely packed when distance increases; smaller texture appears in distance)

shadows (decrease in light intensity due to blockage of light can provide info for location; can make objects 3D)

Question 7

movement based cues

Answer 7

sources of depth info that come from observer’s movement

motion parallax and deletion and accretion

Question 8

motion parallax

Answer 8

close objects in direction of movement glide rapidly past but objects in the distance appear to move slowly

Question 9

deletion and accretion

Answer 9

deletion (covering of an object)

accretion (uncovering of an object)

distance of objects perceived based on covering and uncovering of objects as an observer moves

Question 10

stereoscopic depth perception

Answer 10

our awareness of depth through input by both eyes

Question 11

2D vs 3D

Answer 11

2D: both eyes receive same info; images are flat; rely on monocular cues

3D: both eyes receive different info; images positioned in different viewpoints

Question 12

strabismus

Answer 12

misalignment of eyes; one eye is suppressed, causing double vision

people w/ strabismus rely on monocular cues instead of binocular cues

Question 13

binocular disparity

Answer 13

difference in images from left and right eyes

Question 14

corresponding retinal points

Answer 14

points on the retina where an image overlap

objects that appear in corresponding retinal points overlap into single image

Question 15

horopter

Answer 15

imaginary sphere that passes through the point of focus

Fall on corresponding points on the 2 retinas

Question 16

noncorresponding retinal points

Answer 16

objects that do not fall on horopter

create different images in both eyes

Question 17

absolute disparity

Answer 17

objects deviate from falling on corresponding retinal points

when we see double

Question 18

angle of disparity

Answer 18

amount of absolute disparity indicates how far object is from horopter

Question 19

relative disparity

Answer 19

difference between absolute disparity of two objects

Question 20

crossed disparity

Answer 20

when you focus your horopter from far away, close object in front of you creates a crossed disparity

Question 21

uncrossed disparity

Answer 21

when you focus your horopter from a close object, far object creates an uncrossed disparity

Question 22

stereopsis

Answer 22

ability to perceive depth through binocular disparity

Question 23

binocular depth cells

Answer 23

aka disparity selective cells

located in primary visual cortex

specialized neurons that respond to binocular disparity

specifically respond to absolute disparity

Question 24

what perceptions are interrelated to perceive size?

Answer 24

depth and size perception

Question 25

holway and boring

Answer 25

comparison circle (10 ft away in left hallway); test circle (10-120 ft away in right hallway) – have to adjust diameter of comparison circle to match test circle

depth cues provided: judgments of circle size based on physical size because they had cues of distance

no depth cues: judgments of circle size were similar based on size of retinal images w/o cueing of distance

Question 26

size constancy

Answer 26

perception of an object’s size remains relatively the same even when we view the object at different distances

Question 27

muller-lyer illusion

Answer 27

arrow + lines

misapplied size constancy scaling (view 2D as though it is 3D)

conflicting cues theory (our misperception of line length caused by conflicting info: actual length of lines and overall length of the figure)

Question 28

ponzo illusion

Answer 28

railroad

misapplied size constancy scaling

Question 29

ames room

Answer 29

size distance scaling (distance is same for both people but not the size)

relative size (one person taking up more space than the other in same distance)

Question 30

moon illusion

Answer 30

apparent distance theory (horizon moon surrounded by depth cues while moon higher up has none)

angular size contrast theory (moon appears smaller when surrounded by larger objects