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PSY 305 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

neural processing

A

interaction of signals of many neurons

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2
Q

what kind of signals do neurons create?

A

electrical signals

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3
Q

neurons

A

millions of nerve cells that communicate for perception to occur

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4
Q

structure/parts of neurons

A

dendrite

cell body

axons

sensory receptors

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5
Q

dendrites

A

area that receives electrical signals via chemicals (neurotransmitters)

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6
Q

cell body

A

aka soma

important to operate the neuron

contains all organelles

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7
Q

axon

A

nerve fiber containing fluid that creates electrical signals

aka vertebrae

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8
Q

parts of axon

A

white matter (lipids that make up axons)

ionic fluids (fluids that can produce electrical signals)

+ myelin sheath (surrounds axon to speed up action potential)

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9
Q

sensory receptors

A

specialized neurons that respond to specific kinds of energy

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10
Q

small electrode

A

device that records inside the axon to see electrical signal

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11
Q

resting potential

A

no electrical signal in neuron

-70 mV inside axon

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12
Q

action potential

A

aka nerve impulse

electrical signal in neuron

+40 mV inside axon

lasts about 1 ms

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13
Q

properties of action potentials

A

propagated response

nerve impulse

rate

refractory period

spontaneous activity

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14
Q

propagated response

A

electrical signal travels down the axon to terminal buttons without decreasing in size

intensity of nerve impulse remains at +40 mV

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15
Q

nerve impulse

A

electrical firing

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16
Q

rate

A

strength of nerve impulse

how fast or slow

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17
Q

refractory period

A

time in which nerve impulses do not occur

heads toward resting potential

prevents process from going back

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18
Q

spontaneous activity

A

electrical firing that occurs without stimulation from a stimulus

can happen randomly

could be used as baseline comparison for likelihood of an increase or decrease of action potentials

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19
Q

chemical basis of action potentials

A

axons contain ions in and out of membrane

*Na+ creates action potential; K+ balances

20
Q

what charged ions are concentrated inside the axon during a resting potential?

A

more (-) charged ions inside during resting potential

21
Q

what happens to potassium and sodium ions during an action potential?

A

during action potential, Na+ gets inside axon and K+ gets out

22
Q

sodium-potassium (Na+/K+) pump

A

Na+/K+ pump helps return axon to resting potential after action potential

23
Q

synapse

A

tiny space between neurons

24
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemicals released into synapse

determines electrical signals

released by terminal buttons and sent to dendrites to either excite or inhibit signals to that neuron

25
Q

polarization

A

resting potential (-70 mV)

on the side of negatively charged ions

26
Q

depolarization

A

excitatory response

triggers action potentials

more positive ions inside axon

rising phase of action potentials

27
Q

hyperpolarization

A

inhibitory response

prevents action potentials

more negative ions inside axon

falling phase of action potentials

28
Q

importance of inhibition

A

allow info to also be processed or detected in the environment just like excitatory responses

not all perception relies on excitatory info only

29
Q

sensory coding

A

focuses on how neurons represent various characteristics in the environment in the brain

3 types: specificity, sparse, population

30
Q

specificity coding

A

specialized neuron that responds or fires to one concept or stimulus

grandmother cell (by Lettvin in 1960s; anything connected to grandmother would fire a particular neuron for your grandmother in the brain)

31
Q

why is the grandmother cell theory not accepted anymore?

A

more than 1 neuron is required for communication

32
Q

sparse coding

A

pattern of firing with a small group of neurons to represent stimulus

only some neurons will fire but not the majority of neurons in the brain

33
Q

population coding

A

pattern of firing with large number of neurons

34
Q

Franz Joseph Gall and Johann Spurzheim (1700s)

A

proposed phrenology

35
Q

phrenology

A

mapping of the brain through bumps and contours on the person’s skull (skull represented abilities and traits in the brain)

later debunked because of inconsistencies, but led the idea that the brain had different areas of function

36
Q

modularity

A

idea that specific areas of the cortex are specialized to respond to specific types of stimuli

37
Q

modules

A

brain areas containing neurons that specialize in processing certain info

early examples came from humans with brain damage

38
Q

broca’s area

A

damage to the left frontal lobe would cause problems with speech production

39
Q

wernicke’s area

A

damage to the left temporal lobe would cause problems with speech comprehension

40
Q

neuropsychology

A

study of how brain damage affects behavior

field that provided evidence for modularity

41
Q

brain imaging

A

advanced methods to examine modularity

examples: MRI, fMRI

42
Q

MRI

A

magnetic resonance imaging

only see brain structure

43
Q

fMRI

A

functional magnetic resonance imaging

can see movement (neural activity) in the brain through blood flow because neurons require oxygen from the blood

44
Q

hemoglobin

A

red blood cell

carries oxygen in the blood

contains iron (ferrous molecules) that can be used for magnetic info

45
Q

what happens to hemoglobin when more brain activity occurs?

A

more brain activity = more hemoglobin in blood

46
Q

distributed representation

A

stimulus fires across different parts of the brain rather than in one single brain area

example: processing (representing) pain (the stimulus) is spread

PSY 305 (12 decks)

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