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PSY 305 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

sensation

A

elementary processes

how you detect or process environmental info with your five senses

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2
Q

perception

A

more complex

higher order mechanisms of awareness

interpreting what you detect using various brain areas

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3
Q

Why is the term “perception” used more than “sensation?”

A

the difference between sensation and perception is not always obvious; “sensation” does not add to our understanding of sensory experiences

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4
Q

7 steps of the perceptual process

A

environmental stimulus

principles of transformation and representation

receptors and transduction

neural processing

perception

recognition

action

(+ knowledge)

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5
Q

environmental stimulus

A

anything in the environment that we observe or detect (distal and proximal)

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6
Q

distal stimulus

A

something processed (or taken in) in the distance/environment

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7
Q

proximal stimulus

A

something processed in the body with the five senses

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8
Q

transformation

A

stimulus changes from distal stimulus to proximal stimulus

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9
Q

representation

A

stimulus is formed based on receptors and nervous system

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10
Q

sensory receptors

A

nerve cells or neurons that respond to environmental energy

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11
Q

transduction

A

change from environmental energy to electrical energy in the brain

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12
Q

neural processing

A

receptors send electrical signals to brain

electrical signals arrive at primary receiving areas of the lobes and eventually to other areas of the brain

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13
Q

neurons

A

nerve or brain cells

transmit electrical signals from one neuron to another

change electrical signals to perceive info in the brain

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14
Q

cerebral cortex

A

2 mm thick layer that contains machinery for creating perceptions

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15
Q

primary receiving areas

A

where electrical signals arrive in the lobes

electrical signals eventually go to other areas of the brain after primary receiving areas

important to detect perception

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16
Q

4 main lobes in the cerebral cortex

A

occipital (visual)

temporal (auditory)

parietal (somatosensory)

frontal (motor, receive signals from other senses)

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17
Q

recognition

A

provides meaning to what we observe

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18
Q

visual form agnosia

A

can see object (perception) but cannot identify (recognition)

“a-“ - without / “-gnosia” - knowledge

Dr. P brain tumor story

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19
Q

action

A

to do something with your sensory experiences

necessary for survival

20
Q

knowledge

A

info we bring to a situation to perceive a stimulus

21
Q

rat-man demonstration

A

demonstrates that our knowledge (patterns) can influence perception

seeing a rat or a man on the demo

22
Q

what does categorize mean?

A

name objects, places, and things into an organized way

23
Q

bottom-up processing

A

data-based

perceive based on incoming data without prior knowledge

take info one step at a time to process

24
Q

top-down processing

A

knowledge-based

perceive based on prior knowledge, experience, and expectation

hard to unlearn

25
Q

Fechner’s three methods of thresholds

A

method of limits
method of constant stimuli
method of adjustment

26
Q

thresholds

A

detection of limits of our sensory systems

27
Q

psychophysics

A

by Gustav Fechner; a way to assess the mind by looking at thresholds

study of relation between mental (psycho-) and stimulus (-physics)

28
Q

method of limits

A

experimenter presents stimuli to observer to detect intensity differences in a certain order

absolute and difference thresholds

29
Q

absolute threshold

A

minimum detection of a change

complete (do you see blue or not?)

30
Q

difference threshold

A

comparing stimuli to see if they differ from each other (is there a difference between the blue colors?)

31
Q

method of constant stimuli

A

experimenter randomizes intensities of stimuli

32
Q

goal of perceptual process

A

to examine each step + knowledge

33
Q

three types of relationships of perceptual process

A

stimulus-behavior

stimulus-physiology

physiology-behavior

34
Q

stimulus-behavior (+ example)

A

people presented with something and their observed behaviors are assessed

ex. grating acuity (ability to detect width of gratings)

35
Q

acuity

A

sharpness or detailedness

36
Q

stimulus-physiology (+ example)

A

people are presented with something and brain activity is assessed

ex. oblique effect (ability to see vertical/horizontal lines better than oblique lines)

37
Q

physiology-behavior (+ example)

A

brain activities evaluated by certain behaviors

ex. examining people’s ability to detect different orientations of lines (oblique effect) with physiological measures (fMRI)

38
Q

cognitive influences on perception

A

knowledge/top-down processing

other mental activities (cognition, memories, etc.)

39
Q

other techniques to evaluate perception

A

magnitude estimation

recognition test

reaction time

phenomenological report

physical tasks and judgments

40
Q

magnitude estimation

A

assess how intensity affects our awareness based on how we perceive it

magnitude (how strong of an intensity); estimation (a scale or numbering system to show strength)

ex. carrying weights increases distance perception

41
Q

recognition test

A

being able to categorize stimuli

ex. seeing a face or house

42
Q

reaction time

A

how long a person responds to a presentation

43
Q

phenomenological report

A

ask person to describe perception

“study of an occurrence” report

44
Q

physical tasks and judgments

A

acting upon something that is perceived

ex. picking up things and reacting to them

45
Q

physical vs. perceptual

A

physical (what is actually there)

perceptual (how we interpret our perception of what is there)

different perceptions goes for all five senses

PSY 305 (12 decks)

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