Chapter 9 Flashcards
With joints that are highly mobile, are they more or less stable?
Less stable
What are the three structural classifications of joints and define them?
Fibrous joint – adjacent bones united by fibrous CT
Cartilaginous joint – bones joined by hyaline cartilage/fibrocartilage
Synovial joint – articulating surfaces not directly connected – in contact within joint cavity
What is a synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, and diarthrosis and give examples of each?
Synarthrosis – immobile or nearly immobile union between articulating bones – sutures, fibrous joints between skull, manubriosternal joint
Amphiarthrosis – have limited mobility – intervertebral disc and pubic symphysis
Diarthrosis – freely moveable joint – all synovial joints found in appendicular skeleton
List the three types of fibrous joints, characteristics, and examples of each.
Suture – narrow fibrous joint found between most bones of skull
Syndesmosis joint – bones more widely separated and held together by narrow band of fibrous CT – ligament or wide sheet of CT (interosseous membrane)
Shaft regions of long bones in forearm and leg
Gomphosis – narrow fibrous joint between roots of tooth and bony socket in jaw
List the two types of cartilaginous joints, characteristics, and examples of each.
Synchondrosis – where bones joined by hyaline cartilage
Symphysis – bones joined by fibrocartilage
What is the most common type of joint in the body and what is different about it than the other two types of joints?
Synovial joints - Does not directly connect to each other with fibrous CT or cartilage – ability to move smoothly and increased mobility
List the three ligament types and where you can find them in relation to the articular capsule.
Extrinsic – outside articular capsule
Intrinsic – fused to/incorporated into wall of articular capsule
Intracapsular – inside articular capsule
What are articular discs, menisci,bursae, and tendon sheaths?
Articular discs – small and oval-shaped fibrocartilage structures between articulating bones
Menisci – large and C-shaped fibrocartilage structures between articulating bones
Bursae – Thick CT sac filled with lubricating liquid where skin, ligaments, muscles, muscle tendons rub against each other near body joint
Tendon sheaths - CT sac surrounded by muscle tendon at places where tendon crosses a joint
Define the three types of bursae and give a location for each.
Subcutaneous bursa – between skin and underlying bone – skin moves smoothly over bone – prepatellar bursa over knee and olecranon bursa over elbow
Submuscular bursa – found between muscle and underlying bone or between adjacent muscles to prevent rubbing of muscles with movement – trochanteric bursa of hip
Subtendinous bursa – between tendon and bone – subacromial bursa protect tendon of shoulder muscles pass under acromion of scapula
What are the six types of synovial joints, actions of, and examples of each?
Pivot - Round portion of bone enclosed with ring formed partially by articulation with another bone and partially by a ligament – bone rotates within ring - atlantoaxial between C1 and C2, proximal radioulnar joint
Hinge - Convex end of one bone articulates with concave end of adjoining bone - Bending/straightening motions along single axis – elbow, knee, ankle, interphalangeal joints
Condyloid - Shallow depression at end of one bone articulates with a rounded structure of adjacent bone/bones – knuckle, radiocarpal
Saddle - Both articulating surfaces for bones have saddle shape – concave in one direction and convex in the other – thumb, sternoclavicular joint
Plane - Articulating surfaces flat/slightly curved and same size – bones slide against each other – multiple movements including rotation – intercarpal, intertarsal, acromioclavicular, zygapophysial
Ball-and-socket - Rounded head of one (ball) fits in concave articulation (socket) of adjacent bone – hip and glenohumoral joints
List the different types of body movements and an example of joint that provides this movement.
(I know this is a lot, but I promise this will help you greatly on the exam).
Flexion and extension (vertebral column), abduction and adduction (limbs, fingers, toes, thumb), circumduction (shoulder and hip), rotation (C1-C2), pronation and supination (radioulnar), dorsiflexion and plantar flexion (ankle), inversion and eversion (intertarsal), protraction and retraction (scapula and mandible), depression and elevation (scapula and mandible), excursion (mandible), superior and inferior rotation (scapula), opposition and reposition (thumb)
What movements do the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spine allow and do not allow?
Cervical – flexion, extension, lateral flexion, and rotation
Thoracic – rotation but limit flexion, extension, lateral flexion
Lumbar – flexion, extension, lateral flexion but prohibit rotation
The atlanto-occipital joint allows which motion of the head while the atlantoaxial joint allows which motion?
Atlanto-occipital – flexion and extension (“Yes”)
Atlantoaxial – rotation (“No”)
Which joint has the largest range of motion of any joint in the body?
Shoulder joint
Does the hip or the shoulder joint have the greater range of motion?
Shoulder
