Chapter 9 Flashcards

1
Q

Fermentation

A

-Catabolic process
Is a partial degradation of sugars or other organic fuel that occurs without the use of oxygen.

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2
Q

The relocation of electrons releases energy stored in organic molecules, and this energy ultimately is used to synthesize ATP.

A

True

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3
Q

Oxidation-reduction reactions (redox reactions)

A

Electron transfers during chemical reactions.

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4
Q

Oxidation

A

The loss of electrons from one substance.

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5
Q

Reduction

A

The addition of electrons to another substance.

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6
Q

Reducing agent

A

The electron donor.

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7
Q

Oxidizing agent

A

The electron acceptor.

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8
Q

An electron loses potential energy when it shifts from a less electronegative atom toward a more electronegative one.

A

True

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9
Q

Only the barrier of activation energy holds back the flood of electrons to a lower energy state.

A

True

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10
Q

NAD+

A

Electron carrier, coenzyme
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (a derivative of the vitamin niacin)

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11
Q

Reduced state of NAD+

A

NADH

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12
Q

Electron transfer from NADH to oxygen is an exergonic reaction.

A

True

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13
Q

Terminal electron acceptor

A

Has the greatest affinity for electrons in the ETC.

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14
Q

In summary, during cellular respiration, most electrons travel the following “downhill” route:

A

Glucose —> NADH —> ETC —> Oxygen

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15
Q

Glycolysis occurs in…

A

The cytosol

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16
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation

A

The production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain.
-Is constituted by electron transport and chemiosmosis

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17
Q

In eukaryotic cells, ____________________ is the site of electron transport and chemiosmosis

A

the inner membrane of the mitochondrion

In prokaryotes, in the plasma membrane

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18
Q

Substrate-level phosphorylation

A

The enzyme-catalyzed formation of ATP by direct transfer of a phosphate group to ADP from an intermediate substrate in catabolism.

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19
Q

For each molecule of glucose degraded to carbon dioxide and water by respiration, the cell makes up to about ____ molecules of ATP, each with ___________ of free energy.

A

32, 7.3kcal/mol

20
Q

The two phases of glycolysis

A

The energy investment phase
The energy payoff phase

21
Q

FAD

A

Flavin adenine dinucleotide
-derived from riboflavin

22
Q

FAD accepts _________________ to become FADH2

A

2 electrons and 2 protons

23
Q

The total yield per glucose from the citric acid cycle turns out to be…

A

6 NADH, 2 FADH2, and the equivalent of 2 ATP

24
Q

Ubiquinone (Coenzyme Q)

A

The only member of the electron transport chain that is not a protein.
-Electron carrier

25
Q

The power source for ATP synthase is a difference in the concentration of H+ on opposite sides of the inner mitochondrial membrane.

A

True

26
Q

Chemiosmosis

A

The process in which energy stored in the form of hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane is used to drive cellular work such as the synthesis of ATP

27
Q

Proton-motive force

A

The potential energy stored in the form of a proton electrochemical gradient, generated by the pumping of H+ across a biological membrane during chemiosmosis.

28
Q

During respiration, most energy flows in this sequence:

A

Glucose —> NADH —> ETC —> Proton-motive force —> ATP

29
Q

Glycolysis produces per molecule of glucose :

A

2 NADH
2 Pyruvate
2 ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation

30
Q

Pyruvate oxidation produces per molecule of glucose :

A

2 Acetyl CoA
2 NADH

31
Q

Citric Acid Cycle produces per molecule of glucose:

A

6 NADH
2 FADH2
2 ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation

32
Q

Oxidative Phosphorylation produces per molecule of glucose:

A

26 or 28 ATP by oxidative phosphorylation

33
Q

Each NADH that transfers a pair of electrons from glucose to the ETC contributes enough to the proton-motive force to generate a maximum of about _________

A

3 ATP

34
Q

About 34% of the potential chemical energy in glucose is transferred to ATP.

A

True

35
Q

Difference between anaerobic respiration and fermentation.

A

An electron transport chain is used in anaerobic respiration but not in fermentation.

36
Q

Fermentation consists of glycolysis plus reactions that regenerate NAD+ by transferring electrons from NADH to pyruvate or derivatives of pyruvate.

A

True

37
Q

In alcohol fermentation,

A

Pyruvate is converted to ethanol in two steps.
Pyruvate —> acetaldehyde —> ethanol
Loses CO2. Reduced

38
Q

During lactic acid fermentation,

A

Pyruvate is reduced directly by NADH to form lactate as an end product, with no release of CO2.

39
Q

Obligate anaerobes

A

Carry out only fermentation or anaerobic respiration.

40
Q

Facultative anaerobes

A

Can make ATP to survive using either fermentation or respiration.
(Our muscle cells)

41
Q

Protein’s possible pathways in ATP harvesting

A

Pyruvate
Acetyl CoA
Citric Acid Cycle

42
Q

Fats possible pathways in harvesting ATP

A

Glycerol —> Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate
Fatty acids —> Acetyl CoA

43
Q

Beta oxidation

A

A metabolic sequence that breaks fatty acids down to two-carbon fragments, which enter the citric acid cycle as acetal CoA.
- NADH and FADH2 are also generated.

44
Q

A gram of fat oxidized by respiration produces more than twice as much ATP as a gram of carbohydrate.

A

True

45
Q

Phosphofructokinase can be considered the pacemaker of respiration.

A

True