Chapter 17 Flashcards
Faulty gene
Gene that contains incorrect information.
The DNA inherited by an organism leads to specific traits by dictating the synthesis of proteins and of RNA molecules involved in protein synthesis. In other words, proteins are the link between genotype and phenotype.
True
One gene-one enzyme hypothesis
Initially proposed by Archibald Garrod and dubbed by Beadly and Tatum, states that the function of a gene is to dictate the production of a specific enzyme.
One gene-one polypeptide hypothesis
States that each gene dictates the production of a single polypeptide chain.
Getting from DNA to protein requires two major stages:
Transcription and translation
Transcription
Is the synthesis of RNA using information in the DNA.
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
A type of RNA, synthesized using a DNA template, that attaches to ribosomes in the cytoplasm and specifies the primary structure of a protein.
Translation
The synthesis of a polypeptide using the information in the mRNA.
The sites of translation:
Ribosomes
In eukaryotic cells, transcription occurs in the…
Nucleus
The transcription of a protein-coding eukaryotic gene results in pre-mRNA, and further processing yields the finished mRNA.
True
Primary transcript
An initial RNA transcript from any gene; also called pre-mRNA when transcribed from a protein-coding gene.
Cells are governed by a molecular chain of command with a directional flow of genetic information, called the central dogma; shown here:
DNA —> RNA —> Protein
Triplets of nucleotide bases are the smallest units of uniform length that can code for all the amino acids.
True
Triplet code
The genetic instructions for a polypeptide chain are written in the DNA as a series of nonoverlapping, three nucleotide words.
For each gene, only one of the two DNA strands is transcribed; this strand is called the…
Template strand because it provides the pattern, or template, for the sequence of nucleotides in an RNA transcript.
Like a new strand of DNA, the RNA molecule is synthesized in an antiparallel direction to the template strand of DNA.
True
Codons
mRNA nucleotide triplets. Customarily written in the 5’ —> 3’ direction.
The term codon is also used for the DNA nucleotide triplets along the non template strand.
True
Coding strand
The non template DNA strand.
Because codons are nucleotide triplets, the number of nucleotides making up a genetic message must be three times the number of amino acids in the protein product.
True
61 of the 64 triplets code for amino acids. The three codons that do not designate amino acids are “stop” signals, or termination codons, marking the end of translation.
True
Codon AUG
Has a dual function: it codes for the amino acid methionine (Met) and also functions as a “start” signal, or initiation codon.
Reading frame
On an mRNA, the triplet grouping of ribonucleotides used by the translation machinery during polypeptide synthesis.
RNA polymerase
An enzyme that pries the two strands of DNA apart and joins together RNA nucleotides complementary to the DNA template strand, thus elongating the RNA polynucleotide.
RNA polymerases can assemble a polynucleotide only in its 5’ —> 3’ direction.
True
RNA polymerases are able to start a chain from scratch; they don’t need a primer.
True
Promoter
The DNA sequence where RNA polymerase attaches and initiates transcription.
In bacteria, the sequence that signals the end of transcription is called the ____
Terminator
Molecular biologists refer to the direction of transcription as “downstream” and the other direction as “upstream”.
True
Transcription unit
The stretch of DNA downstream from the promoter that is transcribed into an RNA molecule.
RNA polymerase II
The RNA polymerase used for pre-mRNA synthesis.
Three stages of transcription
Initiation, elongation, and termination of the RNA chain.
Start point
The nucleotide where RNA synthesis actually begins.
-Is part of the promoter.
Transcription factors
Mediate the binding of RNA polymerase and the initiation of transcription.
-Present only in eukaryotes.
Only after transcription factors are attached to the promoter does RNA polymerase II bind to it.
True
Transcription initiation complex
The whole complex of transcription factors and RNA polymerase II bound to the promoter.