Chapter 5 Flashcards
Macromolecules
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleus acids
Polymer
Is a long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds.
Monomers
Are the repeating units that serve as the building blocks of a polymer. (Are smaller molecules)
Chain-like macromolecules
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Nucleic Acid
Enzymes
Specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions.
Dehydration reaction
A reaction in which two molecules are covalently bonded to each other, with the loss of a water molecule. This is how monomers are connected to each other.
Hydrolysis
The bond between monomers is broken by the addition of a water molecule, with a hydrogen from water attaching to one monomer and the hydroxyl group attaching to the other.
Carbohydrates
Include sugars and polymers of sugars.
Monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.
Monosaccharides’ general molecular formula
CH2O
Glucose structure
C6H12O6. Has a carbonyl group and multiple hydroxyl groups. Is an aldose (aldehyde sugar). Forms rings.
Most common monosaccharide
Glucose
Carbohydrate carbon skeleton size
Three to seven carbons long
Trioses
Three-carbon sugars.
Pentoses
Five-carbon sugars. Form rings.
Asymmetric carbon
A carbon attached to four different atoms or groups of atoms.
Glycosidic linkage
A covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction.
Maltose
Disaccharide formed by two molecules of glucose. Present in beer.
Sucrose
Disaccharide made of glucose and fructose. Known as table sugar.
Lactose
Disaccharide made of glucose and galactose. Present in milk.
Polysaccharides
Are macromolecules, polymers with a few hundred to a few thousand monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages.
Architecture and function of a polysaccharide is determined by…
It’s sugar monomers and the position of its glycosidic linkages.
Starch
Plants use starch to store excess glucose. Starch represents stored energy.
Glycogen
A polymer of glucose that is like amylopectin (complex starch) but more extensively branched. Animals use glycogen to store sugar mainly in muscle and liver cells.
Cellulose
Polysaccharide present in cell walls. The most abundant organic compound on Earth.