Chapter 4 Flashcards
Organic Chemistry
Study of compounds containing carbon.
Arrangement of orbitals when a carbon atom forms four single bonds
Four hybrid orbitals causes the bonds to angle toward the corners of an imaginary tetrahedron.
The electron configuration of carbon gives it…
Covalent compatibility with many different elements.
Hydrocarbons
Organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen.
Why doesn’t petroleum nor fat dissolve in water?
Both are hydrophobic because the majority of their bonds are nonpolar carbon-to-hydrogen linkages.
Isomers
Compounds that have the same numbers of atoms of the same elements but different structures and hence different properties.
Structural isomers
Differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms.
Cis-trans isomers (geometric isomers)
Carbons have covalent bonds to the same atoms, but these atoms differ in their spatial agreements due to the inflexibility of double bonds.
Enantiomers
Isomers that are mirror images of each other and that differ in shape due to the presence of an asymmetric carbon, one that is attached to four different atoms or groups of atoms.
Functional groups
Chemical groups that are directly involved in chemical reactions
Seven chemical groups most important in biological processes
Hydroxyl
Carbonyl
Carboxyl
Amino
Sulfhydryl
Phosphate
Methyl group
Six chemically reactive and hydrophilic groups
Hydroxyl group
Carbonyl group
Carboxyl group
Amino group
Sulfhydryl group
Phosphate group
Methyl group
Is not reactive, but serves as a recognizable tag on biological molecules.
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Stores the potential to react with water. This reaction releases energy that can be used by the cell.
Hydroxyl Group structure
—OH (HO—)
Carbonyl Group structure
(C==O)
Carboxyl Group structure
(—COOH)
Amino group structure
(—NH2)
Sulfhydryl group structure
(—SH)
Phosphate group structure
(—OPO3^2-)
Methyl Group Structure
(—CH3)
Hydroxyl group compound name
Alcohol
Carbonyl group compound name
Ketone
Aldehyde
Carboxyl group compound name
Carboxylic acid or organic acid
Amino group compound name
Amine
Sulfhydryl group compound name
Thiol
Phosphate group compound name
Organic phosphate
Methyl group compound name
Methylated compound
Hydroxyl group Properties
Is polar due to electronegative oxygen.
Forms hydrogen bonds with water, helping dissolve compounds such as sugars.
Carbonyl group Properties
Ketone: Carbonyl group is within a carbon skeleton.
Aldehyde: Carbonyl group is at the end of a carbon skeleton.
Carboxyl group Properties
Acts as an acid (can donate H+).
Amino group Properties
Acts as a base; can pick up H+ from the surrounding solution.
Sulfhydryl group Properties
Two —SH groups can react, forming a “cross-link” that helps stabilize protein structure.
Phosphate group Properties
When attached, confers on a molecule the ability to react with water, which releases energy.
Methyl group Properties
Affects the expression of genes when on DNA. Affects the shape and function of male and female sex hormones.
