Chapter 4

Question 1

Organic Chemistry

Answer 1

Study of compounds containing carbon.

Question 2

Arrangement of orbitals when a carbon atom forms four single bonds

Answer 2

Four hybrid orbitals causes the bonds to angle toward the corners of an imaginary tetrahedron.

Question 3

The electron configuration of carbon gives it…

Answer 3

Covalent compatibility with many different elements.

Question 4

Hydrocarbons

Answer 4

Organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen.

Question 5

Why doesn’t petroleum nor fat dissolve in water?

Answer 5

Both are hydrophobic because the majority of their bonds are nonpolar carbon-to-hydrogen linkages.

Question 6

Isomers

Answer 6

Compounds that have the same numbers of atoms of the same elements but different structures and hence different properties.

Question 7

Structural isomers

Answer 7

Differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms.

Question 8

Cis-trans isomers (geometric isomers)

Answer 8

Carbons have covalent bonds to the same atoms, but these atoms differ in their spatial agreements due to the inflexibility of double bonds.

Question 9

Enantiomers

Answer 9

Isomers that are mirror images of each other and that differ in shape due to the presence of an asymmetric carbon, one that is attached to four different atoms or groups of atoms.

Question 10

Functional groups

Answer 10

Chemical groups that are directly involved in chemical reactions

Question 11

Seven chemical groups most important in biological processes

Answer 11

Hydroxyl
Carbonyl
Carboxyl
Amino
Sulfhydryl
Phosphate
Methyl group

Question 12

Six chemically reactive and hydrophilic groups

Answer 12

Hydroxyl group
Carbonyl group
Carboxyl group
Amino group
Sulfhydryl group
Phosphate group

Question 13

Methyl group

Answer 13

Is not reactive, but serves as a recognizable tag on biological molecules.

Question 14

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Answer 14

Stores the potential to react with water. This reaction releases energy that can be used by the cell.

Question 15

Hydroxyl Group structure

Answer 15

—OH (HO—)

Question 16

Carbonyl Group structure

Answer 16

(C==O)

Question 17

Carboxyl Group structure

Answer 17

(—COOH)

Question 18

Amino group structure

Answer 18

(—NH2)

Question 19

Sulfhydryl group structure

Answer 19

(—SH)

Question 20

Phosphate group structure

Answer 20

(—OPO3^2-)

Question 21

Methyl Group Structure

Answer 21

(—CH3)

Question 22

Hydroxyl group compound name

Answer 22

Alcohol

Question 23

Carbonyl group compound name

Answer 23

Ketone
Aldehyde

Question 24

Carboxyl group compound name

Answer 24

Carboxylic acid or organic acid

Question 25

Amino group compound name

Answer 25

Amine

Question 26

Sulfhydryl group compound name

Answer 26

Thiol

Question 27

Phosphate group compound name

Answer 27

Organic phosphate

Question 28

Methyl group compound name

Answer 28

Methylated compound

Question 29

Hydroxyl group Properties

Answer 29

Is polar due to electronegative oxygen.
Forms hydrogen bonds with water, helping dissolve compounds such as sugars.

Question 30

Carbonyl group Properties

Answer 30

Ketone: Carbonyl group is within a carbon skeleton.
Aldehyde: Carbonyl group is at the end of a carbon skeleton.

Question 31

Carboxyl group Properties

Answer 31

Acts as an acid (can donate H+).

Question 32

Amino group Properties

Answer 32

Acts as a base; can pick up H+ from the surrounding solution.

Question 33

Sulfhydryl group Properties

Answer 33

Two —SH groups can react, forming a “cross-link” that helps stabilize protein structure.

Question 34

Phosphate group Properties

Answer 34

When attached, confers on a molecule the ability to react with water, which releases energy.

Question 35

Methyl group Properties

Answer 35

Affects the expression of genes when on DNA. Affects the shape and function of male and female sex hormones.