Chapter 9

Question 1

Industrial Revolution

Answer 1

the shift, beginning in England during the 18th century, from making goods by hand to making them by machine

Question 2

enclosure

Answer 2

one of the fenced-in or hedged-in fields created by wealthy British landowners on land that was formerly worked by village farmers

Question 3

crop rotation

Answer 3

the system of growing a different crop in a field each year to preserve the fertility of the land

Question 4

industrialization

Answer 4

the development of industries for the machine produtionction of goods

Question 5

factors of productions

Answer 5

the resources-including land, labor, and capital- tha tare needed to produce goods and services

Question 6

factory

Answer 6

a large building in which machinery is used to manufacture goods

Question 7

entrepreneur

Answer 7

a person who organizes, manages, and takes on the risks of a business

Question 8

urbanization

Answer 8

the growth of cities and the migration of people into them

Question 9

middle class

Answer 9

a social class made up of skilled workers, professionals, business-people, and wealthy farmers

Question 10

corporation

Answer 10

a business owned by stockholders who share in its profits but are not personally responsible for its debts

Question 11

laissez faire

Answer 11

the idea that government should not interfere with or regulate industries and businesses

Question 12

Adam Smith

Answer 12

a professor who defended the idea of a free economy

Question 13

capitalism

Answer 13

an economic system based on private ownership and on the investment of money in business ventures in order to make a profit

Question 14

utilitarianism

Answer 14

the theory, proposed by Jeremy Bentham in the late 1700s that government actions are useful only if the6y promote the greatest good for the greatest number of people

Question 15

socialism

Answer 15

and economic system in which the factors of production are owned by the public and operate for the welfare of all

Question 16

Karl Marx

Answer 16

German journalist who introduced the world to Marxism

Question 17

communism

Answer 17

and economic system in which all means of production-land, mines, factories, railroads, and businesses, are owned by the people, private property does not exist, and all goods and services are shared equally

Question 18

union

Answer 18

an association of workers, formed to bargain for better working conditions and higher wages

Question 19

strike

Answer 19

to refuse to work in order to force and employer to meet certain demands

Question 20

collective bargaining

Answer 20

negotiations between workers and their employers