chapter 9 Flashcards
Puberty Begins
Puberty
The time between the first onrush of hormones and full adult physical development.
Menarche
spermarche
Menarche- A girl’s first menstrual period, signaling that she has begun ovulation.
Spermarche- A boy’s first ejaculation of sperm.
Sex Hormones
Sex Hormones
Estradiol- A sex hormone, considered the chief estrogen.
Females produce more estradiol than males do.
Testosterone- A sex hormone, the best known of the androgens (male hormones).
Secreted in far greater amounts by males than by females.
Physical changes
Marked weight and height gains
Pubic hair growth
Facial and chest hair growth in males
Breast growth in females
Sexual maturity
Age and puberty
-The rise in hormone levels that signals puberty is still considered normal in those as young as age 8 or as old as age 14.
-About 2/3 of the variation in age of puberty is genetic.
Body Fat
Leptin
A hormone that affects appetite and is believed to affect the onset of puberty.
Levels increase during adulthood and peak at around age 12
-body fat advances puberty for girls but not always boys
-by age 17, girls 2X more fat than boys
Stress
speeds puberty
-Affects fertility and puberty by making reproduction more difficult
Puberty arrives earlier if:
–a child’s parents are sick, addicted or divorced
–the neighborhood is violent and impoverished
Too Early, Too Late
Early-maturing girls tend to have lower self-esteem, more depression, and poorer body image than later-maturing girls.
Early-maturing boys are more aggressive, lawbreaking, and alcohol-abusing than later-maturing boys.
Slow developing boys tend to be more anxious, depressed, and afraid of sex.
-early puberty is problematic
-early puberty=later health problems
Nutrition
-Deficiencies of iron, calcium, zinc, and other minerals affect bone and muscle growth and are frequent during adolescence
-Nutritional deficiencies result from the food choices that young adolescents are allowed, even enticed, to make.
Body Image
A person’s idea of how his or her body looks.
-One reason for poor nutrition is anxiety about body image.
Anorexia nervosa
bulimia nervosa
Anorexia nervosa- Characterized by self-starvation, affected individuals voluntarily under eat and often over exercise, depriving their vital organs of nutrition. Anorexia can be fatal.
Bulimia nervosa- Characterized by binge eating and subsequent purging, usually by induced vomiting and/or use of laxatives.
Binge eating disorder
Binge eating disorder
-Eating disorder characterized by periodic and compulsive overeating until stomach hurts
-Eating done secretly at least weekly for months; no purging
-Sufferer feels out of control, distressed, and depressed.
primary sex characteristics
secondary sex characteristics
primary sex characteristics-every primary sex organ increases dramatically in size, needed for reproduction
secondary sex characteristics-do not directly affect reproduction but signify masculinity, femininity
ex: increase of breasts
Formal operational thought
Hypothetical thought
Formal operational thought (Piaget)
Piaget’s fourth and final stage of cognitive development, characterized by more systematic logic and the ability to think about abstract ideas.
–imagine all the possible determinants
-experiment: weights on scale
Hypothetical thought Reasoning that includes propositions and possibilities that may not reflect reality. Reasoning about if-then propositions. -if all mammals can walk, and all whales are mammals, can whales walk? -children answer no, --some adolescents answer yes, use logic
Adolescent egocentrism
Adolescent egocentrism- when adolescents focus on themselves and what others think of them-emotions not grounded to reality
-creates imaginary audience
-creates rumination-obessively thinking about self-focused concerns
-creates personal fable and invisibility fate
An aspect of adolescent thinking that leads young people (ages 10 to 14) to focus on themselves to the exclusion of others.
