chapter 4 Flashcards
developing emotions
Birth Distress; contentment
6 weeks Social smile
3 months Laughter; curiosity
4 months Full, responsive smiles
4–8 months Anger
9–14 months Fear of social events (strangers, separation from caregiver)
12 months Fear of unexpected sights and sounds
18 months “Self-awareness; pride; shame;
embarrassment”
All infants progress from reactive pain and pleasure to complex patterns of socio-emotional awareness.
Primary emotions
primary emotions crying
All infants progress from reactive pain and pleasure to complex patterns of socio-emotional awareness.
Primary emotions
Happiness, sadness, fear, anger; surprise, disgust-evident in very young babies even blind ones
Crying
Newborn: hurt, hungry, tired, frightened
Second to sixth week: uncontrollable colic (subsides by 3months); reflux and immature swallowing
Smiling and laughing
Anger
Sadness
Smiling and laughing
Social smile (6 weeks): evoked by viewing human faces
Laughter (3 to 4 months): often emerges with curiosity; gradually discriminating (babies prefer dancing to the beat)
Anger
First expressions at around 6 months
Healthy response to frustration-done want to be trapped want to explore
Sadness
Indicates withdrawal (instead of a bid for help) and is accompanied by increased production of cortisol
Stressful experience for infants
fear
stranger wariness
seperation anxiety
Infant emotions
Fear
-affected by three factors: awareness of discrepancy, temperament, social context
Emerges at about 9 months in response to people, things, or situations
two kinds of social fear:
Stranger wariness
Infant no longer smiles at any friendly face but cries or looks frightened when an unfamiliar person moves too close.
Separation anxiety
-Tears, dismay, or anger when a familiar caregiver leaves
-If it remains strong after age 3, it may be considered an emotional disorder.
Toddlers’ emotions
Secondary emotions
Toddlers’ emotions
-Anger and fear become less frequent and more focused.
-Laughing and crying become louder and more discriminating.
-Temper tantrums may appear.
Secondary emotions
Involve awareness of others; typically family
-Pride
-Shame
-Embarrassment
-Guilt
self-awareness
Self-awareness
Person’s realization that he or she is a distinct individual whose body, mind, and actions are separate from those of other people.
Mirror recognition
Mirror recognition
-Classic experiment (Lewis & Brooks, 1978)
-Babies aged 9–24 months looked into a mirror after a dot of rouge had been put on their noses.
-None of the babies younger than 12 months old reacted as if they knew the mark was on them.
-15- to 24-month-olds showed self-awareness by touching their own noses with curiosity.
-reflective conception of the self is apparent at the early stage of language acquisition
Temperament
Temperament
-the same event can make some people fearful, other hopeful,others curios
-more of a characteristic of the person more than of the situation
Inborn differences between one person and another in emotions, activity, and self-regulation
-Style of approach
-Response to the environment that is stable across time and situations
Temperamental traits are genetic; personality traits are learned.
Three dimensions of temperament
Each dimension
Three dimensions of temperament
-Effortful control (regulating attention and emotion, self-soothing)
-Negative mood (fearful, angry, and unhappy)
-Exuberant (active, social, and not shy)
Each dimension
-Affects later personality and achievement and everyone in family.
-Is associated with distinctive levels of hormones, brain patterns, and behaviors.
Neuroscientists found remarkable capacity for plastic changes that influence behavioral outcomes throughout life.
Maltreated infants
Neuroscientists found remarkable capacity for plastic changes that influence behavioral outcomes throughout life.
-Positive emotions build; too much fear and stress makes the brain grow more slowly (fewer dendrites develop).
Maltreated infants
-Develop abnormal responses to stress, anger, and other emotions.
-Show abnormal responses in the hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex.
connections between early experiences and later brain reactions
synchrony
still face technique
mutual exchange with split-second timing each partner must be attuned to the other, with moment-by-moment responses
still face technique-babies are upset when adults stops being responsive with their face. absent synchrony is a troubling sign for future emotional and brain development
Attachment
Attachment
-First named by John Bowlby (1982)
-Lasting emotional bond that one person has with another
-Begins to form in early infancy and influences a person’s close relationships throughout life.
Two signs universally indicate attachment; attachment takes many forms.
Two signs universally indicate attachment; attachment takes many forms.
-Contact-maintaining
-Proximity-seeking
-Attachment is classified into four types: A, B, C, and D (Ainsworth)
secure attachment
feel comfortable and confident. caregiver is a base for exploration. providing assurance and enabling discovery
-the child is concerned but not overwhelmed by comings and going. the caregiver is watchful but not worried
insecure-avoidant attachment
-characterized by indifference.
-ignore parent, play independently
insecure-resistant/ambivalent attachment
-characterized by fear and anxiety, anger.
-cling to caregivers and are angry when left
disorganized attachment
-all over the place
-hitting to kissing, crying, staring blankly
Measuring attachment (?)
Strange situation
Measuring attachment (Ainsworth)
Strange situation
-Laboratory procedure for measuring attachment by evoking infants’ reactions to the stress of various adults’ comings and goings in an unfamiliar playroom
Key observed behaviors
-Exploration of the toys
-Reaction to the caregiver’s departure
-Reaction to the caregiver’s return
-to indicate if they are A, B, C or D
Development of Social Bonds
Insights from Romania
Insights from Romania
-In late 1980s, thousands of Romanian children were part of international adoptions.-lack of attachment in infancy predicts lifelong problems
-Infants adopted before 6 months fared best; those adopted after 12 months often suffered a variety of adverse outcomes.
-Disinhibited social engagement disorder-more vulnerable to this disorder because they are more likely to follow people who will harm them-children who are overly friendly to strangers
-the longer children live in hospital and orphanages, the more social and intellectual harm occur
Secure attachment (type B) is more likely if:
Insecure attachment is more likely if:
Secure attachment (type B) is more likely if:
The parent is usually sensitive and responsive to the infant’s needs.
The infant–parent relationship is high in synchrony.
The infant’s temperament is “easy.”
The parents are not stressed about income, other children, or their marriage.
The parents have a working model of secure attachment to their own parents.
Insecure attachment is more likely if:
The parent mistreats the child. (Neglect increases type A; abuse increases types C and D.)
The mother is mentally ill. (Paranoia increases type D; depression increases type C.)
The parents are highly stressed about income, other children, or their marriage. (Parental stress increases types A and D.)
The parents are intrusive and controlling. (Parental domination increases type A.)
The parents have alcohol use disorder. (Father with alcoholism increases type A; mother with alcoholism increases type D.)
The child’s temperament is “difficult.” (Difficult children tend to be type C.)
The child’s temperament is “slow-to-warm-up.” (This correlates with type A.)
Social referencing
Social referencing
-Seeking emotional responses or information from other people
-Observing someone else’s expressions and reactions and using the other person as a social reference
Social referencing has many practical applications.
Parental social referencing
Parental social referencing
-Mothers use a variety of expressions, vocalizations, and gestures to convey social information to their infants.
-Synchrony, attachment, and social referencing are all apparent with fathers, sometimes even more than with mothers.
Fathers as social partners
Fathers as social partners
-Within every U.S. ethnic group, contemporary fathers are more involved than previously noted.
-Involvement influenced by many factors
-Nation
-Income
-Cohort
-Ideology
-Stress
women-caregivers
men-playmatesFathers as social partners
Psychoanalytic theory
Psychoanalytic theory
Freud: oral and anal stages
-Oral stage (first year)
-Anal stage (second year)
Potential conflicts
-Oral fixation
-Anal personality
oral and anal stage are fraught with potential conflicts
-if a mother prevents a baby from sucking thumb, they become fixed at oral stage->oral fixation-drink, chew or bite excessively
anal personality-toilet training is very strict, person seeks self-control, with a strong head for cleanliness
