Chapter 9

Question 1

a type of color blindness caused by damage to the cerebral cortex of the brain, rather than abnormalities in the cells of the eye’s retina.

Answer 1

cerebral achromatopsia

Question 2

partial color blindness

Answer 2

color deficiency

Question 3

all shades except for black, white, and their mixture, gray.

Answer 3

chromatic colors

Question 4

when some wavelengths of light are reflected more than others.

Answer 4

selective reflection

Question 5

White, gray, black. Occurs when light is reflected equally across the spectrum.

Answer 5

achromatic colors

Question 6

a graph that plots the percentage of light reflected from a given object at each wavelength in the visual spectrum.

Answer 6

reflectance curve

Question 7

only some wavelengths pass through a given object or substance.

Answer 7

selective transmission

Question 8

a graph that plots the percentage of light transmitted at each wavelength.

Answer 8

transmission curve

Question 9

a new color created by the removal of wavelengths from a light with a broad spectrum of wavelengths.

Answer 9

subtractive color mixture

Question 10

a new color created by a process that adds one set of wavelengths to another set of wavelengths.

Answer 10

additive color mixture

Question 11

aka rainbow colors. A _________ is composed of a single fundamental color on the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum, as opposed to a mixture of colors.

Answer 11

spectral colors

Question 12

colors that do not appear in the spectrum because they are mixtures of other colors, such as magenta (a mixture of blue and red).

Answer 12

nonspectral colors

Question 13

the intensity of a color

Answer 13

saturation

Question 14

the hue of color when it takes on a faded or washed-out appearance.

Answer 14

desaturated

Question 15

the light-to-dark dimension of color.

Answer 15

value/lightness

Question 16

the 3-dimensional representation of a color model.

Answer 16

color solid

Question 17

a color space that specifies colors based on 3 properties of color: hue (basic color), chroma (color intensity/ saturation), and value (lightness), created by Professor Albert H. Munsell.

Answer 17

Munsell color system

Question 18

A proposal that color vision depends on the activity of 3 different receptor mechanisms. Aka Young-Helmholtz theory.

Answer 18

trichromacy of color vision

Question 19

a procedure in which experimenters present a reference color, and the observer is asked to match the reference color by mixing different wavelengths of light.

Answer 19

color matching

Question 20

a technique that directs a narrow beam of light into a single cone receptor. Helped to discover 3 types of cones in the human retina.

Answer 20

Microspectrophotometry

Question 21

a technique that made it possible to look into a person’s eye and take pictures that showed how cones are arranged on the surface of the retina.

Answer 21

adaptive optical imaging

Question 22

an imperfection that distorts the light on its way to the retina.

Answer 22

abberations

Question 23

the resulting image of an adaptive optical image procedure. Shows foveal cones distinguished in short-, medium-, and long-wavelength cones.

Answer 23

cone mosaic

Question 24

a situation in which two physically different stimuli are perceptually identical.

Answer 24

metamerism

Question 25

the two identical fields in a color-matching experiment.

Answer 25

metamers

Question 26

a rare form of color blindness that is usually hereditary and occurs in only about 10 people out of 1 million.

Answer 26

monochromatism

Question 27

people with no functioning cones, so their vision is created only by the rods. (only seeing in shades of lightness- white, gray, black)

Answer 27

monochromats

Question 28

a condition in which you see colors differently than most people. Makes it hard to tell the difference between certain colors.

Answer 28

colorblind

Question 29

once a photon of light is absorbed by a visual pigment molecule, the identity of the light’s wavelength is lost.

Answer 29

principle of univariance

Question 30

people with just two types of cone pigments. They can see chromatic colors, but because they have only two types of cones, they confuse some colors that trichromats can distinguish.

Answer 30

dichromats

Question 31

what most people are, people that have 3 types of cones and can distinguish 3 primary colors.

Answer 31

trichromats

Question 32

a stimulus used in a color vision test. (Numbers distinguished in dots of color)

Answer 32

Ishihara plates

Question 33

a person with trichromatic vision in one eye and dichromatic vision in the other.

Answer 33

unilateral dichromat

Question 34

3 major forms- protanopia, deuteranopia, and tritanopia. Protanopia and deuteranopia are the most common and are inherited through a gene located on the X chromosome. (sex-linked)

Answer 34

dichromatism

Question 35

affects more males than females. A _____ is missing the long-wavelength pigment. As a result, a _____ perceives short-wavelength light as blue, and as the wavelength is increased, the blue becomes less and less saturated until, at 492 nm, the _____ perceives gray.

Answer 35

protanopia

Question 36

the wavelength at which a protanope perceives gray.

Answer 36

neutral point

Question 37

affects more males than females. A ______ is missing the medium-wavelength pigment. A _______perceives blue at short wavelengths, sees yellow at long wavelengths, and has a neutral point at about 498 nm.

Answer 37

deuteranopia

Question 38

very rare, but still affects males more. A ______ is missing the short-wavelength pigment. A _____ perceives blue at short wavelengths, red at long wavelengths, and has a neutral point at 570 nm.

Answer 38

tritanopia

Question 39

an _______needs 3 wavelengths to match any wavelength, just as a normal trichromat does. However, the anomalous trichromat mixes these wavelengths in different proportions from a trichromat, and an _________ is not as good as a trichromat at discriminating between wavelengths that are close together.

Answer 39

anomalous trichromatism

Question 40

there are 2 pairs of chromatic colors, red-green and blue-yellow.

Answer 40

opponent-process theory of color vision

Question 41

a figure that arranges perceptually similar colors next to each other around its perimeter.

Answer 41

color cirlce

Question 42

base colors that create all the other colors through mixing the base colors.

Answer 42

primary colors

Question 43

a method for estimating the underlying opponent response functions by asking observers to explicitly decompose each hue into the percentage contributed by the different primaries.

Answer 43

hue scaling

Question 44

unmixed colors without a tint of any other colors (primary colors)

Answer 44

unique hue

Question 45

red and green cancel each other as do yellow and blue.

Answer 45

hue cancellation

Question 46

neurons that responded with an excitatory response to light from one part of the spectrum and with an inhibitory response to light from another part.

Answer 46

opponent neurons

Question 47

we perceive the colors of objects as being relatively constant even under changing illumination.

Answer 47

color constancy

Question 48

prolonged exposure to chromatic color.

Answer 48

chromatic adaptation

Question 49

the perception of the object is shifted after adaptation, but not as much when there was no adaptation.

Answer 49

partial color constancy

Question 50

the effect on perception of prior knowledge of the typical colors of objects.

Answer 50

memory color

Question 51

people either see a blue and black dress or a white and gold dress.

Answer 51

TheDress