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Z-Sensation & Perception > Chapter 2&3/ Week 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 2&3/ Week 3 Flashcards

1
Q

The interaction of the signals of many neurons

A

Neural processing

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2
Q

Where electrical signals take place

A

Neurons

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3
Q

Contains mechanisms to keep the cell alive

A

Cell body

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4
Q

Branch out from the cell body to receive electrical signals from other neurons

A

Dendrites

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5
Q

A.k.a. nerve fiber, which is filled with fluid that conducts electrical signals

A

Axon

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6
Q

The value which stays roughly, the same, as long as there are no signals in the neuron

A

Resting potential

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7
Q

The signal identified by the predictable rise and fall of the charge inside the axon relative to the outside and last about 1 ms

A

Action potential

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8
Q

Once the response triggered It travels all the way down the axon without decreasing in size.

A

Propagated response

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9
Q

The interval between the time one nerve impulse occurs in the next one can be generated in the axon

A

Refractory Period

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10
Q

Action potentials that occurred in the absence of stimuli from the environment

A

Spontaneous activity

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11
Q

Molecules that carry an electric charge

A

Ions

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12
Q

Refers to the ease with which a molecule can pass through the membrane

A

Permeability

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13
Q

An increase in positive charge inside the neuron

A

Depolarization

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14
Q

The quick and steep depolarization from -70 mV to positive 40 mV during an action potential

A

Rising phase of the action potential

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15
Q

An increase in negative charge inside the neuron

A

Hyperpolarization

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16
Q

The hyperpolarization from +40 mV back to -70 mV

A

Falling phase of the action potential

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17
Q

The small space between neurons

A

Synapse

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18
Q

When action potential reach the end of a neuron, they triggers the release of this chemical

A

Neurotransmitters

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19
Q

The structures in which Neuro transmitters are stored

A

Synaptic vesicles

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20
Q

The neurotransmitter molecules flow into the synapse to small areas on the receiving neuron, which are called…

A

Receptor sites

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21
Q

A response that occurs when the neuron becomes depolarized, and the inside of the neuron becomes more positive

A

Excitatory response

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22
Q

A response that occurs when the inside of the neuron becomes more negative or hyperpolarized

A

Inhibitory response

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23
Q

A code that refers to how neurons represent various characteristics of the environment

A

Sensory coding

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24
Q

A specialize neuron that respond only to one concept or stimulus

A

Specificity coding

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25
Q

Highly specific type of neuron

A

Grandmother cell

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26
Q

A particular stimulus is represented by a pattern of firing of only a small group of neurons, with the majority of neurons remaining silent

A

Sparse coding

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27
Q

Proposes that our experiences are represented by the pattern of firing across a large number of neurons

A

Population coding

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28
Q

Gall concluded that there were about 35 different mental faculties that could be mapped onto different brain areas based on the bumps and contours on the person skull

A

Phrenology

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29
Q

The idea that specific brain areas are specialized to respond to specific type of stimuli or functions

A

Modularity

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30
Q

Speech production area

A

Broca’s area

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31
Q

Area in the temporal lobe involved in understanding speech

A

Wernicke’s area

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32
Q

A field of study relating the location of brain damage to specific affects on behavior

A

Neuropsychology

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33
Q

A more controlled way that modularity has been studied is by recording brain responses in neurologically normal humans which makes it possible to create pictures of the location of the brain’s activity

A

Brain imaging

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34
Q

Proposes that the brain represents information and patterns, distributed across the cortex rather than one single brain area

A

Distributed representation

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35
Q

The roadmap of fibers, connecting different areas of the brain

A

Structural connectivity

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36
Q

The neural activity associated with a particular function that is flowing through the structural network

A

Functional connectivity

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37
Q

Recording an fMRI as a person is engaged in a specific tasks, such as listening to certain sounds

A

Task related fMRI

38
Q

Recording an fMRI, when the brain is not involved in a specific task

A

Resting state fMRI

39
Q

The determined brain location associated with carrying out a specific task

A

Seed location

40
Q

The other location where resting state is measured

A

Test location

41
Q

How do physical processes like nerve impulses become transformed into the richness of perceptual experience?

A

The mind body problem

42
Q

The distance between the peaks of the electromagnetic waves

A

Wavelength

43
Q

The energy within the electromagnetic spectrum that humans can perceive

A

Visible light

44
Q

Where light enters the eye through

A

Pupil

45
Q

Allows light to enter the inside of the eye

A

Cornea

46
Q

Transmits light to the retina

A

Lens

47
Q

The network of neurons that cover the back of the eye

A

Retina

48
Q

Converts light into signals that are sent to the brain

A

Photoreceptors

49
Q

A type of photo receptor shaped like a rod, allows for peripheral vision

A

Rods

50
Q

A type a photo receptor, helps us to see fine detail

A

Cones

51
Q

Light-sensitive chemicals that react to light and trigger electrical signals

A

Visual pigments

52
Q

A bundle of more than 1 million nerve fibers that carry visual messages

A

Optic nerve

53
Q

A small center of the eye where visual acuity is the highest, retinal cones are particularly concentrated here

A

Fovea

54
Q

An area that includes all of the outside of the fovea, containing both rods and cones. Responsible for our side, and night vision.

A

Peripheral retina

55
Q

Most common in older people, destroys the cone-rich fovea, and a small area that surrounds it

A

Macular degeneration

56
Q

Degeneration of the retina that is passed from one generation to the next. This condition first attacks, the peripheral rod, receptors and results in poor vision in the peripheral visual field.

A

Retinitis pigmentosa

57
Q

The area of the eye where there is an absence a photoreceptors

A

Blindspot

58
Q

A muscle that increases the focusing power of the lens by increasing its curvature

A

Ciliary muscles

59
Q

The change in the lens shape that occurs when the ciliary muscles at the front of the eye tighten, and increase the curvature of the lens, so that it gets thicker

A

Accommodation

60
Q

A number of errors that can affect the ability of the cornea and/or lens to focus the visual input into the retina

A

Refractive errors

61
Q

Age related loss of the ability to accommodate. Can be dealt with by wearing reading glasses, which brings near objects into focus by replacing the focusing power that can no longer be provided by the lens.

A

Presbyopia

62
Q

The inability to see distant objects clearly

A

Myopia/nearsightedness

63
Q

A condition in which the cornea/lens bends the light too much

A

Refractive myopia

64
Q

A condition in which the eyeball is too long

A

Axial myopia

65
Q

The inability to see nearby objects clearly. Usually happens because the eyeball is too short.

A

Hyperopia/farsightedness

66
Q

The transformation of one form of energy into another form of energy

A

Transduction

67
Q

A process that creates a chemical chain reaction that activates thousands of charged molecules to create electrical signals in receptors

A

Isomerization

68
Q

Increasing sensitivity in the dark

A

Dark adaptation

69
Q

What is used to measure the increase sensitivity in the dark

A

Dark adaptation curve

70
Q

The sensitivity measure in the light

A

Light adapted sensitivity

71
Q

The sensitivity at the end of dark adaptation, about 100,000 times greater than the light adaptive sensitivity measured before dark adaptation began

A

Dark adapted sensitivity

72
Q

People who have no cones because of a rare genetic defect. Provide ways to study rod, dark adaptation without interference from cones.

A

Rod monochromats

73
Q

The place where the rods begin to determine the dark adaptation curve instead of the cones

A

Rod-cone break

74
Q

The change in shape and separation from the opsin that causes molecules to become lighter in color

A

Visual pigment bleaching

75
Q

In order to do their job of changing light energy into electrical energy, the retinal needs to return to its bent shape and become attached to the opsin

A

Visual pigment regeneration

76
Q

The eye’s sensitivity to light as a function of the lights wavelength

A

Spectral sensitivity

77
Q

The light of a single wave length created, using special filters or device called a spectrometer

A

Monochromatic light

78
Q

The enhanced perception of short wave lengths during dark adaptation

A

Purkinje shift

79
Q

A plot of the amount of light absorbed versus the wavelength of the light

A

Absorption spectrum

80
Q

Interconnected groups of neurons within the retina

A

Neural circuits

81
Q

Occurs when the number of neurons synapse onto a single neuron

A

Neural convergence

82
Q

The region of the retina that must receive illumination in order to obtain a response in any given fiber

A

Receptive field

83
Q

In these receptive fields, the area in the “center” of the receptive field response differently to life than the area in the “surround” of the receptive field

A

Center-surround receptive fields

84
Q

The area that increases neuronal firing when a stimulus is presented towards the area

A

Excitatory area

85
Q

The area that decreases firing when a stimulus is presented toward the area

A

Inhibitory area

86
Q

The receptive field, which responds with excitation, when the center is stimulated, and an inhibition, when the surround is stimulated

A

Excitatory-Center, inhibitory-surround receptive field

87
Q

The receptive field, which response within inhibition, when the center is stimulated and excitation, when the surround is stimulated

A

Inhibitory-Center, excitatory-surround receptive field

88
Q

A small spot of light presented to the excitatory center of the receptive field, causes a small increase in the rate of nerve firing; increasing the light size so that it covers the entire center of the receptive field, increases the cells response

A

Center-surround antagonism

89
Q

The inhibition involved in Center-surround ganglion cell receptive fields, inhibition that is transmitted across the retina (laterally)

A

Lateral inhibition

90
Q

An increase in perceived contrast at borders between regions of the visual field

A

Edge enhancement

91
Q

The perceived light and dark bands at the borders, which are not present in the actual physical stimuli

A

Chevruel illusion

92
Q

Light and dark bands created at fuzzy borders

A

Mach bands

Z-Sensation & Perception (10 decks)

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