Chapter 4 Flashcards
The first thing that happens on this journey is that the visual signals from both eyes leave the back of the eye in the optic nerve and meet at a location called the optic___. The optic ___ is an x shaped bundle of fibers on the underside of the brain.
Optic chiasm
Each hemisphere of the brain refers to the opposite side of the visual field
Contralateral
90% of signals from the retina proceed here. Located in the thalamus of each hemisphere.
Lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)
The other 10% of fibers travel here, a structure involved in controlling eye-movement
Superior colliculus
A.k.a. striate cortex/area V1. The place were signals from the retina and LGN first reach the cortex.
Visual receiving area
Cells with side-by-side receptive fields
Simple cortical cells
The relationship between orientation and firing, which is determined by measuring the response of a simple cortical sell to bars with different orientations
Orientation tuning curve
Responds best to bars of a particular orientation. Most ___ respond only when a correctly oriented bar of light moves across the entire receptive field. Many ____respond best to a particular direction of movement.
Complex cells
Fires to moving lines of a specific length or to moving corners or angles
End stopped cells
Because simple, complex, and end stopped, sells fire in response to specific features of the stimulus, such as orientation or direction of movement, they have also been called _____
Feature detectors
The idea behind____ is that this firing causes neurons to eventually become fatigued or adapt. This adaptation causes to physiological effects: 1. The neurons, firing rate, decreases, and 2. The neuron fires less when that stimulus is immediately presented again.
Selective adaptation
The minimum intensity difference between two adjacent bars that can just be detected
Contrast threshold
The idea behind____ is that if an animal is weird in an environment that contains only certain types of stimuli, the neurons that respond to the stimuli will become more prevalent
Selective rearing
The idea that the response properties of neurons can be shaped by perceptual experience
Neural plasticity/experience-dependent plasticity
An electronic map of the retina on the cortex. This organized special map means that two points that are close together on an object and on the retina will activate neurons that are close together in the brain.
Retinopic map
The apportioning of a large area on the cortex to the small fovea
Cortical magnification
The size of the cortical magnification
Cortical magnification factor
The striate cortex is organized into____ that are perpendicular to the surface of the cortex, so that all of the neurons within a______ have their receptive fields at the same location on the retina
Location columns
The cortex is also organized into_____ with each column containing cells that respond best to a particular orientation
Orientation columns
A location column with all of its orientation columns. A _____ receives information about all possible orientations that fall within a small area of the retina; it is, therefore well-suited for processing information from a small area in the visual field.
Hyper column
Working together columns, cover the entire visual field and create an effect called_____just as a wall can be covered by adjacent tiles. The visual field is served by adjacent location columns.
Tiling
These areas collectively are often referred to as the_____ since they are outside of the striate cortex
Extrastriate cortex
The destruction or removal of tissue in the nervous system
Ablation
In the_____[, A monkey was shown, one object, such as a rectangular, solid, and was then presented with a two choice task, which included the target object and another stimulus, such as the triangular solid. If the monkey was able to discriminate between two objects, and thus pushed aside the target object, it received the food reward that was hidden in a well under the object object
Object discrimination problem
Here are the monkeys task was to remove the cover of the food well that was closest to the landmark, in this case a tall cylinder
Landmark discrimination problem
The pathway leading from the striate cortex to the temporal lobe
What pathway
The pathway leading from the striate cortex to the parietal lobe
Where pathway
Involves two people: in one person, damage to one area of the brain causes function a to be absent, while function b is present; and the other person, damage to another area of the brain causes function b to be absent, while the function a is present
Double disassociations
As it turns out, this increase in receptive field size continues through the wet stream, so that neurons at the apex of the stream in _____ have the largest receptive fields – large enough to encompass whole objects in one’s visual field. So, it would make sense that, instead of responding to simple features like lines are edges, like the V1 neurons,____ neurons, would respond to more complex objects that occupy a larger portion of the visual field
Inferotemporal (IT) cortex
