Chapter 4

Question 1

The first thing that happens on this journey is that the visual signals from both eyes leave the back of the eye in the optic nerve and meet at a location called the optic___. The optic ___ is an x shaped bundle of fibers on the underside of the brain.

Answer 1

Optic chiasm

Question 2

Each hemisphere of the brain refers to the opposite side of the visual field

Answer 2

Contralateral

Question 3

90% of signals from the retina proceed here. Located in the thalamus of each hemisphere.

Answer 3

Lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)

Question 4

The other 10% of fibers travel here, a structure involved in controlling eye-movement

Answer 4

Superior colliculus

Question 5

A.k.a. striate cortex/area V1. The place were signals from the retina and LGN first reach the cortex.

Answer 5

Visual receiving area

Question 6

Cells with side-by-side receptive fields

Answer 6

Simple cortical cells

Question 7

The relationship between orientation and firing, which is determined by measuring the response of a simple cortical sell to bars with different orientations

Answer 7

Orientation tuning curve

Question 8

Responds best to bars of a particular orientation. Most ___ respond only when a correctly oriented bar of light moves across the entire receptive field. Many ____respond best to a particular direction of movement.

Answer 8

Complex cells

Question 9

Fires to moving lines of a specific length or to moving corners or angles

Answer 9

End stopped cells

Question 10

Because simple, complex, and end stopped, sells fire in response to specific features of the stimulus, such as orientation or direction of movement, they have also been called _____

Answer 10

Feature detectors

Question 11

The idea behind____ is that this firing causes neurons to eventually become fatigued or adapt. This adaptation causes to physiological effects: 1. The neurons, firing rate, decreases, and 2. The neuron fires less when that stimulus is immediately presented again.

Answer 11

Selective adaptation

Question 12

The minimum intensity difference between two adjacent bars that can just be detected

Answer 12

Contrast threshold

Question 13

The idea behind____ is that if an animal is weird in an environment that contains only certain types of stimuli, the neurons that respond to the stimuli will become more prevalent

Answer 13

Selective rearing

Question 14

The idea that the response properties of neurons can be shaped by perceptual experience

Answer 14

Neural plasticity/experience-dependent plasticity

Question 15

An electronic map of the retina on the cortex. This organized special map means that two points that are close together on an object and on the retina will activate neurons that are close together in the brain.

Answer 15

Retinopic map

Question 16

The apportioning of a large area on the cortex to the small fovea

Answer 16

Cortical magnification

Question 17

The size of the cortical magnification

Answer 17

Cortical magnification factor

Question 18

The striate cortex is organized into____ that are perpendicular to the surface of the cortex, so that all of the neurons within a______ have their receptive fields at the same location on the retina

Answer 18

Location columns

Question 19

The cortex is also organized into_____ with each column containing cells that respond best to a particular orientation

Answer 19

Orientation columns

Question 20

A location column with all of its orientation columns. A _____ receives information about all possible orientations that fall within a small area of the retina; it is, therefore well-suited for processing information from a small area in the visual field.

Answer 20

Hyper column

Question 21

Working together columns, cover the entire visual field and create an effect called_____just as a wall can be covered by adjacent tiles. The visual field is served by adjacent location columns.

Answer 21

Tiling

Question 22

These areas collectively are often referred to as the_____ since they are outside of the striate cortex

Answer 22

Extrastriate cortex

Question 23

The destruction or removal of tissue in the nervous system

Answer 23

Ablation

Question 24

In the_____[, A monkey was shown, one object, such as a rectangular, solid, and was then presented with a two choice task, which included the target object and another stimulus, such as the triangular solid. If the monkey was able to discriminate between two objects, and thus pushed aside the target object, it received the food reward that was hidden in a well under the object object

Answer 24

Object discrimination problem

Question 25

Here are the monkeys task was to remove the cover of the food well that was closest to the landmark, in this case a tall cylinder

Answer 25

Landmark discrimination problem

Question 26

The pathway leading from the striate cortex to the temporal lobe

Answer 26

What pathway

Question 27

The pathway leading from the striate cortex to the parietal lobe

Answer 27

Where pathway

Question 28

Involves two people: in one person, damage to one area of the brain causes function a to be absent, while function b is present; and the other person, damage to another area of the brain causes function b to be absent, while the function a is present

Answer 28

Double disassociations

Question 29

As it turns out, this increase in receptive field size continues through the wet stream, so that neurons at the apex of the stream in _____ have the largest receptive fields – large enough to encompass whole objects in one’s visual field. So, it would make sense that, instead of responding to simple features like lines are edges, like the V1 neurons,____ neurons, would respond to more complex objects that occupy a larger portion of the visual field

Answer 29

Inferotemporal (IT) cortex