Chapter 10

Question 1

focuses on identifying information in the retinal image that is correlated with depth in the scene.

Answer 1

cue approach to depth perception

Question 2

a cue that one object is in front of another.

Answer 2

occlusion

Question 3

Cues based on our ability to sense the position of our eyes and the tension in our eye muscles.

Answer 3

occulomotor

Question 4

Cues based on the visual information available within one eye.

Answer 4

monocular

Question 5

Cues that depend on visual information within both eyes.

Answer 5

binocular

Question 6

are created by convergence, the inward movement of the eyes that occurs when we look at nearby objects, and accommodation, the change in the shape of the lens that occurs when we focus on objects at various distances.

Answer 6

oculomotor cues

Question 7

work with only one eye. They include accommodation, which we have described under oculomotor cues; pictorial cues, which are sources of depth information in a two-dimensional picture; and movement-based cues, which are sources of depth information created by movement.

Answer 7

monocular cues

Question 8

sources of depth information that can be depicted in a picture, such as the illustrations in this book or an image on the retina

Answer 8

pictorial cues

Question 9

objects with their bases closer to the horizon are usually seen as being more distant.

Answer 9

cue of relative height

Question 10

when we judge distance based on our prior knowledge of the sizes of objects.

Answer 10

cue of familiar size

Question 11

when two objects are known to be of equal physical size, the one that is farther away will take up less of your field of view than the one that is closer.

Answer 11

cue of relative size

Question 12

When you look down parallel railroad tracks that appear to converge in the distance, you are experiencing _________.

Answer 12

perspective convergence

Question 13

occurs because the farther away an object is, the more air and particles (dust, water droplets, airborne pollution) we have to look through, so that distant objects appear less sharp than nearer objects and sometimes have a slight blue tint.

Answer 13

atmospheric perspective

Question 14

When a number of similar objects are equally spaced throughout a scene, they create a ______, which results in a perception of depth, with elements seen as being spaced more closely being perceived as farther

Answer 14

texture gradient

Question 15

occurs when, as we move, nearby objects appear to glide rapidly past us, but more distant objects appear to move more slowly.

Answer 15

motion parallax

Question 16

the ability of the visual brain to register a sense of three-dimensional shape and form from visual inputs.

Answer 16

stereoscopic vision

Question 17

depth perception created by input from both eyes.

Answer 17

stereoscopic depth perception

Question 18

misalignment of the eyes.

Answer 18

strabismus

Question 19

we now look more closely at the information on the left and right retinas that the brain uses to create an impression of depth.

Answer 19

binocular disparity

Question 20

points on the retina that would overlap if the eyes were superimposed on each other

Answer 20

corresponding retinal points

Question 21

the locus of points in space that stimulates corresponding points

Answer 21

horopter

Question 22

The images of objects that are not on the horopter

Answer 22

noncorresponding points

Question 23

the difference in angle subtended on the left and right retina of an object in space and gives an estimate of the depth of that object to the observer.

Answer 23

absolute disparity

Question 24

the amount of absolute disparity.

Answer 24

angle of disparity

Question 25

the pattern of disparity where the left eye sees an object to the right of the observer’s fixation point and the right eye sees that same object to the left of the fixation point.

Answer 25

crossed disparity

Question 26

occurs when an object is behind the horopter. The pattern of disparity where the left eye sees an object to the left of the observer’s fixation point and the right eye sees that same object to the right of the fixation point

Answer 26

uncrossed disparity

Question 27

which is related to how we judge the distance between two objects.

Answer 27

relative disparity

Question 28

first generating two identical random-dot patterns on a computer then shifting a square-shaped section of the dots or more units to the side.

Answer 28

random-dot stereogram

Question 29

a device that uses two lenses to focus the left image on the left eye and the right image on the right eye.

Answer 29

stereoscope

Question 30

How does the visual system match the parts of the images in the left and right eyes that correspond to the another?

Answer 30

correspondence problem

Question 31

neurons that signal different amounts of disparity

Answer 31

binocular depth cells/ disparity cells

Question 32

a curve that indicates the neural response that occurs when stimuli presented to the left and right eyes create different amounts of disparity.

Answer 32

disparity tuning curve

Question 33

eye positioning that results in overlapping fields of view and can use disparity to perceive depth.

Answer 33

frontal eyes

Question 34

eye positioning that has much less overlap and therefore can use disparity only in the small area of overlap to perceive depth.

Answer 34

lateral eyes

Question 35

the biological sonar system used by bats to avoid objects in the dark

Answer 35

echolocation

Question 36

the angle of an object relative to the observer’s eye.

Answer 36

visual angle

Question 37

our perception of an object’s size is relatively constant even when we view the object from different distances

Answer 37

size constancy

Question 38

S=K (R x D), S is the object’s perceived size, K is a constant, R is the size of the retinal image, and D is the perceived distance of the object. According to the size–distance equation, as a person walks away from you, the size of the person’s image on your retina(R) gets smaller, but your perception of the person’s distance(D) gets larger.

Answer 38

size-distance scaling

Question 39

The perceived size of the afterimage, is determined by the distance of the surface against which the afterimage is viewed.

Answer 39

Emmert’s law

Question 40

the right vertical line appears to be longer than the left vertical line, even though they are both exactly the same length

Answer 40

Muller-Lyer illusion

Question 41

the very mechanisms that help us maintain stable perceptions in the three-dimensional world sometimes create illusions when applied to objects drawn on a two-dimensional surface.

Answer 41

misapplied constancy scaling

Question 42

our perception of line length depends on two cues: (1) the actual length of the vertical lines and (2) the overall length of the figure.

Answer 42

conflicting cues theory

Question 43

both animals are the same size on the page, and so have the same visual angle, but the one on top appears longer.

Answer 43

Ponzo illusion

Question 44

a room that causes two people of equal size to appear very different in size.

Answer 44

Ames room