Chapter 5

Question 1

To create the description, “ a young boy, is holding a baseball bat” the computer first had to detect the objects in the image, and then match those objects to existing, stored representations of what those objects are

Answer 1

Object recognition

Question 2

The task of determining the object responsible for a particular image on the retina

Answer 2

Inverse projection problem

Question 3

The ability to recognize an object seen from different viewpoints

Answer 3

Viewpoint invariance

Question 4

Scientist that ask “ how are configurations formed from smaller elements?”

Answer 4

Gestalt psychologists

Question 5

Distinguishing between sensations-elementary processes that occur in response to stimulation of the senses-and perceptions, more complex conscious experiences such as our awareness of objects

Answer 5

Structuralism

Question 6

Although movement is perceived, nothing is actually moving

Answer 6

Apparent movement

Question 7

There are actually no physical edges present in a given object or stimulus. Sensations can’t explain _________because there aren’t any sensations along the contours.

Answer 7

Illusory contours

Question 8

Determines how elements in a scene become grouped together. Starting points for the _________are things that usually occur in the environment

Answer 8

Principles of perceptual organization

Question 9

Points that, when connected, result in straight or smoothly curving lines, are seen as belonging together, and the lines tend to be seen in such a way as to follow the smoothest path. Objects that are partially covered by other objects are seen as continuing behind the covering object.

Answer 9

Principle of good continuation

Question 10

A.k.a. principle of good figure, or the principal of simplicity. Every stimulus pattern is seen in such a way that the resulting structure is as simple as possible.

Answer 10

Principle of pragnanz

Question 11

Similar things appear to be grouped together

Answer 11

Principle of similarity

Question 12

Things that are near each other appear to be grouped together

Answer 12

Principle of proximity

Question 13

Things that are moving in the same direction appear to be grouped together

Answer 13

Principle of common fate

Question 14

Elements that are within the same region of space appear to be grouped together

Answer 14

Principle of common region

Question 15

A connected region of the same visual properties, such as lightness, color, texture, or motion is perceived as a single unit

Answer 15

Principle of uniform connectedness

Question 16

When we see a separate object, it is usually seen as a figure that stands out from its background, which is called the ground

Answer 16

Figure-ground segregation

Question 17

An ambiguous figure in which the perspective easily shifts, so that at certain times specific elements appear to make up a distinct figure, while at others, the same elements appear as an indistinct background

Answer 17

Reversible figure-ground

Question 18

A term for the phenomenon that a visual border between two image regions is normally perceived to belong to only one of the regions

Answer 18

Border ownership

Question 19

Determines how an image is segregated into figure and ground

Answer 19

Figural cues

Question 20

Objects are comprised of individual geometric components, called geons, and we recognize objects based on the arrangement of those geons. Geons are three dimensional shapes, like pyramids, cubes, and cylinders.

Answer 20

Recognition by components (RBC) theory

Question 21

A view of a real world environment that contains 1) background elements, and 2) multiple objects that are organized in a meaningful way relative to each other and the background

Answer 21

Scene

Question 22

The perception of a visual stimulus continues for about 250 ms after the stimulus is extinguished. Thus, a picture that is presented for 100 ms will be perceived as lasting about 350 ms.

Answer 22

Persistence of vision

Question 23

Usually a random pattern that covers the original stimulus, so if a picture is flash for 100 ms followed immediately by a ______, the picture is visible for just 100 ms

Answer 23

Visual masking stimulus

Question 24

Can be perceived rapidly and are associated with specific types of scenes

Answer 24

Global image features

Question 25

Characteristics of the environment which occur frequently

Answer 25

Regularities in the environment

Question 26

Regularly occurring physical properties of the environment

Answer 26

Physical regularities

Question 27

We usually assume that light is coming from above, because light in the environment, including the sun, and most artificial light, usually comes from above

Answer 27

Light-from-above assumption

Question 28

In language, ______refers to the meanings of words or sentences. Applied to perceiving sayings, _______refers to the meaning of a scene. This meeting is often related to what happens within the scene.

Answer 28

Semantics

Question 29

Characteristics associated with activities that are common in different types of scenes

Answer 29

Semantic regularities

Question 30

Knowledge of what a given scene typically contains

Answer 30

Scene schema

Question 31

The idea that perception involves inference

Answer 31

Theory of unconscious inference

Question 32

We perceive the object that is most likely to have caused the pattern of stimuli we have received

Answer 32

Likelihood principle

Question 33

Our perceptions are the result of unconscious assumptions, or inferences, that we make about the environment

Answer 33

Unconscious inference

Question 34

The idea that our past experiences help us make informed guesses about what we will perceive

Answer 34

Prediction

Question 35

Our estimate of the probability of an outcome is determined by two factors 1) prior probability, or simply the prior, which is our initial estimate of the probability of an outcome, and 2) the extent to which the available evidence is consistent with the outcome. The second factor is called the likelihood of the outcome.

Answer 35

Bayesian inference

Question 36

A theory that describes how the brain uses our past experiences-or our “ priors,” as Bayes put it-to predict what we will perceive

Answer 36

Predictive coding