Chapter 9

Question 1

Criteria Schizophrenia

Answer 1

1. 2 of the following: Delusions, Hallucinations, Disorganized speech, Disorganized behaviour, Negative symptoms
2. Functioning in work, relationships has declined
3. At least 6 months

Question 2

Delusions

Answer 2

1. Persecutory delusions
2. Thought insertion
3. Thought broadcasting
4. External force
5. Grandiose delusions
6. Ideas of reference

Question 3

Persecutory delusions

Answer 3

Belief that people plot against them

Question 4

Thought insertion

Answer 4

Belief that thoughts are not their own but inserted there by external source

Question 5

Thought broadcasting

Answer 5

Belief that others know what you are thinking

Question 6

External force

Answer 6

Belief that external force controls feelings and behavior

Question 7

Grandiose delusions

Answer 7

Exaggerated sense of self-importance, power, knowledge

Question 8

Ideas of reference

Answer 8

Incorporation of unimportant events within a delusional framework and reading personal significance into trivial activities of others

Question 9

Negative Symptoms

Answer 9

1. Avolition/ Apathy
2. Asociality
3. Anhedonia, consummatory and anticipatory
4. Blunted affect
5. Alogia

Question 10

Schizophreniform disorder

Answer 10

Same symptoms but only max. 6 months

Question 11

Brief psychotic disorder

Answer 11

Same symptoms but only max. 1 month

Question 12

Schizoaffective disorder

Answer 12

Mixture of symptoms of schizophrenia and mood disorders.

Requires a depressive or manic episode

Question 13

Delusional disorder

Answer 13

Persistent delusions

Question 14

Etiology schizophrenia Genetic factors

Answer 14

1. Behaviour genetics: Twins at high risk
2. Familial high risk study: Offspring of parents with schizophrenia at high risk
3. Molecular genetics: Multiple common genes between schizophrenia and bipolar disorder (DRD2 and COMT)

Question 15

Etiology Schizophrenia Dopamine theory

Answer 15

Dopamine, GABA, Glutamate and Serotonin are related to schizophrenia
Enlarged ventricles and reductions of gray matter in PFC and temporal cortex

Question 16

Connectivity in the brain

Answer 16

Schizophrenia patients have less white matter in the brain which results in reduced structural connectivity
Also reduced functional connectivity

Question 17

Environmental factors in developing schizophrenia

Answer 17

1. Environmental deprivation
2. Brain abnormality during gestation or birth
3. Cannabis use
4. Adolescence stress

Question 18

Psychological factors for schizophrenia

Answer 18

1. SES, people with schizo are more likely to have SES because decreased earning power
2. Migrants have high predisposition to develop schizophrenia
3. Family factors: Expressed emotion

Question 19

Expressed Emotion

Answer 19

1. Hostility
2. Emotional overinvolvement
3. Critical comments

Question 20

Developmental factors for schizophrenia

Answer 20

1. Retrospective studies: Children who developed schizophrenia had lower IQ
2. Prospective studies: Lower IQ scores predict onset of schizophrenia

Question 21

Treatment of Schizophrenia (medication)

Answer 21

1st generation antipsychotics work for 70% of patients

2nd generation antipsychotic drugs also work for negative symptoms

Question 22

Psychological treatments for schizophrenia

Answer 22

1. Social skills training
2. Family therapies: Education, info about medication, blame avoidance, communication skills in family, social networks expansion, hope
3. CBT
4. Cognitive remediation training: Enhance basic cognitive functions
5. Psychoeducation
6. Residential treatment