Chapter 5

Question 1

MDD Criteria

Answer 1

1. Sad mood or loss of pleasure in daily activities
2. 5 of the following: Sleep problems, Psychomotor retardation, Change in appetite, loss of energy, feelings of worthlessness or guilt, concentration problems, Thoughts of suicide
3. Symptoms are present every day for at least 2 weeks

Question 2

PDD criteria

Answer 2

1. depressive symptoms for at least two years and 50% of the time
2. Bipolar not present
3. symptoms dont clear for more than 2 months

Question 3

Lifetime prevalence of MDD

Answer 3

US 16%

Question 4

3 forms of bipolar disorders

Answer 4

1. Bipolar 1
2. Bipolar 2
3. Cyclothymic disorder

Question 5

criteria Manic episodes

Answer 5

1. Distinctly elevated mood
2. Abnormally increased energy levels
3. three minor symptoms
4. At least 1 week.
5. Significant distress or impairment

Question 6

Hypomanic criteria

Answer 6

1. at least 4 days
2. clear changes in functioning but no impairment
3. no psychotic symptoms

Question 7

Bipolar 1 criteria

Answer 7

1 manic episode

Question 8

Bipolar 2 criteria

Answer 8

one depressive and one hypomanic episode.

No manic episode

Question 9

Cyclothymic disorder criteria

Answer 9

1. at least 2 years almost hypomanic and depressive episodes
2. symptoms don’t clear for 2 months
3. no depressive manic or hypomanic episode
4. Distress and dysfunction

Question 10

Prevalence bipolar disorders

Answer 10

1: 0.6-1%
2: 0.4-2%
Cyclo: 4%

Question 11

Heritability of MDD and Bipolar

Answer 11

MDD: 37%
Bipolar: 93%

Question 12

Neurotransmitters involved in mood disorders

Answer 12

1. Dopamine
2. Serotonin
3. Norepinephrine

Question 13

MDD and Bipolar neural regions differences

Answer 13

1. Amygdala elevated
2. anterior cingulate elevated
3. PFC diminished
4. Hippocampus diminished
5. Striatum diminished in MDD and elevated in mania

Question 14

Social factors in depression

Answer 14

1. Childhood adversity
2. Vulnerability to stress
3. lack of social support
4. Expressed emotion
5. Interpersonal problems

Question 15

Psychological factors in depression

Answer 15

1. Neuroticism predicts MDD
2. Becks theory: negative triad, negative schemas acquired in childhood
3. Hopelessness theory: Attributing events to external and permanent factors
4. Rumination theory: Tendency to dwell on sad experiences and thoughts

Question 16

Social and Psychological factors in Manic episode

Answer 16

1. Reward sensitivity: disturbance in reward center

2. Sleep deprivation

Question 17

Treatment of MDD

Answer 17

1. IPT: Role transitions, conflicts, bereavement, isolation
2. Cognitive therapy: Negative schema’s and cognitive biases. Mindfulness therapy
3. Behavioral activation: participating in positively rewarding activities.
4. Couples therapy
5. Antidepressants
6. ECT

Question 18

Treatment of Bipolar

Answer 18

1. Medication
2. Psychoeducation
3. Cognitive therapy
4. Family focused therapy

Question 19

suicidal ideation prevalence

Answer 19

9%

Question 20

reasons for for suicide

Answer 20

1. inducing guilt on others
2. get love from others.
3. making amends for wrongs
4. get rid of unacceptable feelings
5. escape emotional pain
6. rejoice a deceased loved one