Chapter 8 word list

Question 1

• the totality of an organism’s chemical reactions

- is an emergent property of life that arises from interactions between molecules within the cell

Answer 1

Metabolism

Question 2

release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds

Answer 2

catabolic pathways

Question 3

consume energy to build complex molecules from simpler ones

Answer 3

Anabolic pathways

Question 4

the capacity to cause change

Answer 4

energy

Question 5

potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction

Answer 5

chemical potential energy

Question 6

energy of the universe is constant
-energy can be transferred and transformed
-energy cannot be created or destroyed
also called the principle of conservation of energy

Answer 6

First Law of Thermodynamics

Question 7

• During every energy transfer or transformation, some energy is unusable, often lost as heat
• every single transfer or transformation increases the entropy (disorder) of the universe

Answer 7

Second Law of thermodynamics

Question 8

energy that can do work when temperature and pressure are uniform, as in a living cell

Answer 8

Free energy

Question 9

• free energy decreases and the stability of a system increases
• only processes with a negative g are ____
• the system must either give up enthalpy (h must decrease), give up order (Ts must increase) or both

Answer 9

spontaneous

Question 10

proceeds with a net release of free energy and is spontaneous

Answer 10

exergonic reaction

Question 11

absorbs free energy from its surroundings and is non spontaneous

Answer 11

Endergonic reaction

Question 12

renewable resource that is regenerated by addition of a phosphate group to ADP

Answer 12

ATP

Question 13

a chemical agent that speeds up a reaction without being consumed by the reaction

Answer 13

Catalyst

Question 14

a catalytic protein

Answer 14

enzyme

Question 15

the initial energy needed to start a chemical reaction is called

Answer 15

activation energy

Question 16

the reactant that an enzyme acts on is called its

Answer 16

substrate

Question 17

the enzyme binds to its substrate, forming an

Answer 17

enzyme substrate complex

Question 18

the region on the enzyme where the substrate binds

Answer 18

active site

Question 19

______ of a substrate brings chemical groups of the active site into positions that enhance the ability to catalyze the reaction

Answer 19

Induced fit

Question 20

non protein enzyme helpers

look at examples on notes

Answer 20

cofactors

Question 21

organic cofactors

Answer 21

coenzymes

Question 22

bind to the active site of an enzyme, competing with the substrate

Answer 22

Competitive inhibitor

Question 23

bind to another part of an enzyme, causing the enzyme to change shape and making the active site less effective

Answer 23

Noncompetive inhibitor

Question 24

• the term used to describe cases where a protein’s function at one site is affected by binding of a regulatory molecule at another site
• may either inhibit or stimulate an enzymes activity

Answer 24

allosteric regulation

Question 25

The formation of an end product inhibits in earlier reaction in the sequence

Answer 25

feedback inhibition

Question 26

kinetic energy associated with random movement of atoms or molecules

Answer 26

heat (thermal energy)

Question 27

energy associated with motion

Answer 27

kinetic energy

Question 28

energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure

Answer 28

potential energy

Question 29

begins with a specific molecule and ends with a product

each step is catalyzed by a specific enzyme

Answer 29

metabolic pathway

Question 30

occur without energy input, they can happen quickly or slowly

Answer 30

spontaneous processes

Question 31

disorder

Answer 31

entropy

Question 32

Energy stored in chemical bonds is released or taken up in chemical reactions

Answer 32

enthalpy

Question 33

symbolizes the change in the systems enthalpy

Answer 33

H

Question 34

change in the systems entropy

Answer 34

S

Question 35

absolute temperature in Kelvin (K) units

Answer 35

T

Question 36

beating of cilia, the contraction of muscle cells, the movement of chromosomes during cellular reproduction

Answer 36

mechanical work

Question 37

the pumping of substances across membranes against the direction of spontaneous movement

Answer 37

transport work

Question 38

the pushing of endergonic reactions, which would not occur spontaneously, such as the synthesis of polymers from monomers

Answer 38

chemical work

Question 39

the use of an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one

Answer 39

energy coupling