chapter 22&23 evolution

Question 1

branch of biology concerned with naming and classifying organisms

Answer 1

taxonomy

Question 2

remains or traces of organisms from the past

Answer 2

fossil

Question 3

formed from the sand and mud that settle to the bottom of seas lakes and marshes

Answer 3

sedimentary rocks

Question 4

The study of fossils was largely developed by French scientist Georges Cuvier (1769-1832)

Answer 4

paleontology

Question 5

each boundary between strata represents a catastrophe such as a flood or drought that destroyed many of the species living at that time

Answer 5

catastrophism

Question 6

the idea that profound change can take place through the cumalitive effect of slow but continuous processes

Answer 6

gradualism

Question 7

same geologic processes are operating today as in the past and at the same rate

Answer 7

uniformitarianism

Question 8

selecting and breeding individuals that posses desired traits

Answer 8

artificial selection

Question 9

represent variations on a structural theme that was present in their common ancestor

Answer 9

homologous strucutures

Question 10

structures of marginal, if any, importance to the organism

Answer 10

vestigial structures

Question 11

darwins observations of the geographic distribution of species

Answer 11

biogeography

Question 12

found nowhere else in the world

Answer 12

endemic species

Question 13

evolutionary change on its smallest scale

Answer 13

microevolutiin

Question 14

the study of how population change genetically over time

Answer 14

population genetics

Question 15

a comprehensive theory of evolution that integrated ideas from many other fields

Answer 15

modern synthesis

Question 16

localized group of individuals that are capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring

Answer 16

population

Question 17

the aggregate of genes in a population at any one time

Answer 17

gene pool

Question 18

frequencies of alleles and genotypes in a polulations gene pool remain constant from generation to generation provided that only memdelian segregation and recombination of alleles are at work

Answer 18

hardy weinberg theorem

Question 19

the condition describing a non evolving population

Answer 19

hardy winberg equillibrium

Question 20

what are the five conditions for hardy winberg

Answer 20

extremely large population size, no gene flow, no mutations, random mating, no natural selection

Question 21

changes in the nucleotide sequence of DNA

Answer 21

mutation

Question 22

a change of as little as one base in a gene

Answer 22

point mutation

Question 23

allele frequencies can fluctuate unpredictably from one generation to the next

Answer 23

genetic drift

Question 24

a sudden change in an environment such as a fire or flood

Answer 24

bottle neck effect

Question 25

when a few indivudals become isolated from a larger population, this smaller group may establish a new population whose gene pool is nit reflective of the source population

Answer 25

founder effect

Question 26

genetic additioms to and/or subtractions from a populatiom resulting from the movement of fertile individuals or gametes

Answer 26

gene flow

Question 27

if two or more distinct morphs are each represented in high enough frequencies to be readily noticeable

Answer 27

phenotypic polymorphism

Question 28

differences between the gene pools of separate populations or population subgroups

Answer 28

geographic variation

Question 29

a graded change in a trait along a geographic axis

Answer 29

cline

Question 30

contribution of a genotype to the next generation compared to the contributions of alternativr genotypes for the same locus

Answer 30

relative fitness

Question 31

most common when a populations environment changes or when members of a population migrate to a new habitat with different environmental conditions than their formal one

Answer 31

directional selection

Question 32

occurs when conditions favor individuals on both extremes of a phenotypic range over individuals with intermediate phenotypes

Answer 32

disruptive selection

Question 33

acts against extreme phenotypes and favors intermediate variants

Answer 33

stabilizing selection

Question 34

occurs whennatural selection maintains stable frequencies of two or more phenotypic forms in a population

Answer 34

balanced polymorphism

Question 35

if individuals who are heterozygous at a particular gene locus have greater fitness than the homozygotes natural selection will tend to maintain two or more alleles at that locus

Answer 35

heterozygote advantage

Question 36

the fitness of anyone morph declines if it becomes too common in the population

Answer 36

frequency dependent selection

Question 37

natural selection for mating success

Answer 37

sexual selection

Question 38

marked differences betweenthe sexes in secondary sexual characteristics which are not directly associated with reproduction

Answer 38

sexual dimorphism

Question 39

meaning selection within the same sex is a direct competition among individuals of one sex for mates of the opposite sex

Answer 39

intrasexual selection

Question 40

mate choice; individuals of one sex (usually females) are choosy in selecting their mates from the other sex

Answer 40

intersexual selection

Question 41

a population can change over generations if individuals that posses certain hertiable traits leave more offspring than other individuals

Answer 41

natural selection