Chapter 14 and 15 Mendel and Genetics

Question 1

each variant for a character, such as purple or white color for flowers

Answer 1

trait

Question 2

referring to plants that prpduce offspring of the same variety when they self pollinate

Answer 2

true breeding

Question 3

True breeding parents

Answer 3

P generation

Question 4

hybrid offspring

Answer 4

f1 generation

Question 5

allowing these f1 hybrids to self pollinate produces

Answer 5

F2 generation

Question 6

alternative versions of a gene

Answer 6

alleles

Question 7

determines the organisms appearance

Answer 7

Dominant allele

Question 8

has no noticeable effect on the organisms appearance

Answer 8

recessive allele

Question 9

two alleles for a heritable character separate during gamete formation and end up in different gametes
thus an egg or sperm gets only one of the two alleles that arenpresent in the somatic cells of the organism. In terms of chromosomes this segregation corresponds to the distribution of homologous chromosomes to different gametes in meiosis

Answer 9

Law of segregation

Question 10

a handy diagrammatic device for prediciting the allele composition of offspring from a cross between individuals of knoen genetic makeup

Answer 10

punnet square

Question 11

an organism having a pair of identical alleles for a character

Answer 11

homozygous

Question 12

an organism has two different alleles for a gene

not true breeding because they produce gametes between different alleles

Answer 12

heterozygous

Question 13

genetic makeup

Answer 13

genotype

Question 14

organism’s traits

Answer 14

phenotype

Question 15

breeding of an organism of unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive individual to determine the unknown genotype. The ratio of phenotypes in the offspring determines the unknown genotype

Answer 15

test cross

Question 16

each pair of alleles segregates independently of other pairs of alleles during gamete formation

Answer 16

law of independent assortment

Question 17

cross between heterozygotes

Answer 17

monohybrid cross

Question 18

a cross between F1 hybrids

Answer 18

dihybrid cross

Question 19

two alleles both affect the phenotype in separate, distinguishable ways

Answer 19

codominance

Question 20

the situation in which the phenotype of heterozygotes is intermediate between the phenotypes of individuals homozygous for either allele

Answer 20

incomplete dominance

Question 21

multiple phenotypic effects

Answer 21

pleiotropy

Question 22

a gene at one locus alters the phentoypic expression or a gene at a second locus

Answer 22

epistasis

Question 23

a hertiable feature that varies continuously over a range rather than in an either or fashion

Answer 23

quantitative character

Question 24

an additive effect of two or more genes on a single phenotypic character (the converse of pleiotropy where a single gene affects several phenotypic characters

Answer 24

polygenic inheritence

Question 25

a family tree describing the interrelationships of parents and children across the generations

Answer 25

pedigree

Question 26

the first solid evidence associating a specific gene with anspecific chromosome come from _______ his early experiments provided convincing evidence that chromosome are indeed the location of mendel's heritable factors

Answer 26

Thomas Hunt Morgan

Question 27

the normal phenotype for a character (the phenotypenmost common in natural populations)

Answer 27

wild type phenotype

Question 28

an offspring with the phenotype that matches one of the parental phenotypes

Answer 28

parental phenotype

Question 29

and offspring who's phenotype differs from that of the parents

Answer 29

recombinant types

Question 30

accounts for the re-combination of linked genes

Answer 30

crossing over

Question 31

an ordered list of the genetic Loci along a particular chromosome

Answer 31

genetic map

Question 32

A genetic map based on recombination frequencies

Answer 32

linkage map

Question 33

a gene located on either sex chromosome

Answer 33

sex linked genes

Question 34

A dense object aligned along the inside of the nuclear envelope in female mammalian cells, representing an inactivated X-chromosome

Answer 34

barr body

Question 35

members of the pair of homologous chromosomes do not move apart properly during meiosis one or sister chromatids fail to separate during meiosis two In these cases one gamete receives two of the same type of chromosome and another gamete receives no copy

Answer 35

nondisjunction

Question 36

abnormal number of particular chromosome

Answer 36

aneuploidy

Question 37

more than two complete chromosome sets

Answer 37

polyploidy

Question 38

occurs when a chromosomal fragment lacking a centromere is lost

Answer 38

deletion

Question 39

if meiosis is in progress such a deleted fragment may become attached as an extra segment to a sister chromatid

Answer 39

duplication

Question 40

A chromosomal fragment me also reattached to the original chromosome but in the reverse orientation

Answer 40

inversion

Question 41

fragment to join a nonhomologous chromosome

Answer 41

translocation

Question 42

worked with true breeder pea plants genetically pure consistently produce the same trait wanted to study the effects of cross breeding on different strains of pea plants all his offspring were tall

Answer 42

Gregor Mendel

Question 43

genes located close enough together on a chromosome that they tend to be inherited together

Answer 43

linked genes