ch.9 and 10 vocab Flashcards
Chemical reactions that transfer of electrons between reactions are called
redox reactions
A substance loses electrons or is oxidized
oxidation
A substance gains electrons or is reduced
reduction
The electron donor is called the
reducing agent
electron receptor is called the
oxidizing agent
a coenzyme
NAD
represents stored energy that is tapped to synthesize ATP
NADH
passes electrons in a series of steps instead of one explosive reaction
electron transport chain
breaks down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate
glycolysis
completes the breakdown of glucose
citric acid cycle
accounts for most of the ATP synthesis
oxidative phosphorylation
links the cycle to glycolysis
acetyl CoA
diffusion of H+ ions across the membrane
chemiosmosis
occurs in the presence of oxygen
aerobic respiration
occurs in situations where oxygen is not available
anaerobic respiration
pyruvate is converted to ethanol in two steps, with the first realeasing CO2
alcohol fermentation
pyruvate is reduced to NADH, forming lactate as an end product, with no release of CO2
lactic acid fermentation
H+ gradient is referred to as a _______, emphasizing its capacity to do work
proton motive force
the process that converts solar energy into chemical energy
photosynthesis
sustain themselves without eating anything derived from other organisms
-are the producers of the biosphere, producing organic molecules from CO2 and other inorganic molecules
autotrophs
obtain there organic material from other organisms
-are the consumers of the biosphere
heterotrophs
the green pigment within chloroplasts
chlorophyll
organelles that are responsible for feeding the vast majority of organisms
-present in a variety of photosynthesizing organisms
Chloroplasts
a dense fluid
stroma
transform light energy into chemical energy of ATP and NADPH
thylakoids
split water, release Co2, produce ATP, and form NADPH
light reactions
flattened channels and disks arranged in stacks found in the thylakoid membrane
grana
interior tissue of a leaf
mesophyll
structure through which CO2 enters a plant, and water and O2 leave
stomata
(in the stroma, synthesis occurs) forms glucose from CO2, using ATP and NADPH
Calvin cycle
The attachment of the carbon from CO2 to molecule that is able to enter the Calvin cycle assisted by Rubisco
carbon fixation
process by which ATP is made during thr light independent reactions of photosynthesis. It is the chloroplast equivalent of oxidative phosphorylation
photophosphorylation
The entire range of electromagnetic energy or radiation
electromagnetic spectrum
distance between crests of waves
wavelength
consist of the colors we can see including wavelengths that drive photosynthesis
visible light
measures of pigments ability to store various wavelengths
Spectrophotometer
A graph plotting a pigments light absorption versus wavelength
absorption spectrum
A partial degradation of sugars that occurs without oxygen (its anaerobic)
Fermentation
close their stomata on hot, dry days to limit waterloss, CO2 concnetration in the leaf air spaces falls, slowing the calvin cycle
c3 plants
Co2 is first added to a three carbon compound, PEP, with the aid of an enzyme (PEP Carboxylase) that has a high affinity for CO2. The resulting four carbon compound formed in the mesophyll cells of the leaf is transported to bundle sheath cells tightly packed around the veins of the leaf. The compound is broken down to release CO2, which rubisco then foxes into the calvin cycle
C4 plants
the primary pathway, involves both photosystems and produces ATP and NADH
noncyclic
uses only photosystem I, and produces only ATP
-generates surplus ATP, satisfying the higher demand in the Calvin cycle
cyclic electron flow
best at absorbing a wavelength of 700nm
photosystem I
photosystem II functions first (the numbers reflect order of discovery) and is best at absorbing a wavelength of 680nm
photosystem II
open their stomata at night, incorporating CO2 into organic acids
Cam plants
catalyzed bt rubisco
carbon fixation
a photosynthetic pigment that participates directly in the light reactions, which covert solar energy to chrmical energy.
chlorophyll a
an accessory photosynthetic pigment that transfers energy to chlorophyll a
chlorophyll b
an accessory pigment, either yellow or orange, in the chloroplasts of plants and in some prokaryotes. by absorbing wavelengths of light that chlorophyll cannot, carotenoids broaden the spectrum of colors that can drive photosynthesis
carotenoid
consists of a reaction center surrounded by light harbesting complexes
photosystem
a graph that profiles the relative effectiveness of different wavelengths of radiation in driving a particular process.
action spectrum
a quantum, or discrete quantity, of light energy that behaves as if it were a particle
photon
the enzyme that catalyzes the first step of the calvin cycle
rubisco
an enzyme that adds co2 to phosphoenolpyruvate to form oxaloacetate in c4 plants. it acts prior to photosynthesis
pep carboxylase
in the thylakoid membrane of a chloroplast or in the membrane of some prokaryotes, a specialized molecule that shares the reaction center complex with a pair of chlorophyll a molecules and that accepts an electron from them
primary electron acceptor
complex of proteins associated with two special Chlorophyll a molecules and a primary electron acceptor. located centrally in a photosystem, this complex triggers the light reactions of photosynthesis
reaction center
in C4 plants,a type of photosynthetic cell arrnaged into tightly packed sheaths around the veins of a leaf
bundle sheath cells
The formation of ATP by an enzyme directly transferring a phosphate group to ADP from an intermediate substrate in catabolism
substrate level phosphorylation
and Iron containing protein that is a component of electron transport chain in the mitochondria and chloroplasts of eukaryotic cells and plasma membrane’s of prokaryotic cells
cytochromes
an organelle in eukaryotic cells that serves as the site of cellular respiration
mitochondrion
a smaller amount of atp is formed directly in a few reactions or glycolysis and the citric acid cycle by a mechanism called
substrate level phosphorylation
