ch.9 and 10 vocab

Question 1

Chemical reactions that transfer of electrons between reactions are called

Answer 1

redox reactions

Question 2

A substance loses electrons or is oxidized

Answer 2

oxidation

Question 3

A substance gains electrons or is reduced

Answer 3

reduction

Question 4

The electron donor is called the

Answer 4

reducing agent

Question 5

electron receptor is called the

Answer 5

oxidizing agent

Question 6

a coenzyme

Answer 6

NAD

Question 7

represents stored energy that is tapped to synthesize ATP

Answer 7

NADH

Question 8

passes electrons in a series of steps instead of one explosive reaction

Answer 8

electron transport chain

Question 9

breaks down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate

Answer 9

glycolysis

Question 10

completes the breakdown of glucose

Answer 10

citric acid cycle

Question 11

accounts for most of the ATP synthesis

Answer 11

oxidative phosphorylation

Question 12

links the cycle to glycolysis

Answer 12

acetyl CoA

Question 13

diffusion of H+ ions across the membrane

Answer 13

chemiosmosis

Question 14

occurs in the presence of oxygen

Answer 14

aerobic respiration

Question 15

occurs in situations where oxygen is not available

Answer 15

anaerobic respiration

Question 16

pyruvate is converted to ethanol in two steps, with the first realeasing CO2

Answer 16

alcohol fermentation

Question 17

pyruvate is reduced to NADH, forming lactate as an end product, with no release of CO2

Answer 17

lactic acid fermentation

Question 18

H+ gradient is referred to as a _______, emphasizing its capacity to do work

Answer 18

proton motive force

Question 19

the process that converts solar energy into chemical energy

Answer 19

photosynthesis

Question 20

sustain themselves without eating anything derived from other organisms
-are the producers of the biosphere, producing organic molecules from CO2 and other inorganic molecules

Answer 20

autotrophs

Question 21

obtain there organic material from other organisms

-are the consumers of the biosphere

Answer 21

heterotrophs

Question 22

the green pigment within chloroplasts

Answer 22

chlorophyll

Question 23

organelles that are responsible for feeding the vast majority of organisms
-present in a variety of photosynthesizing organisms

Answer 23

Chloroplasts

Question 24

a dense fluid

Answer 24

stroma

Question 25

transform light energy into chemical energy of ATP and NADPH

Answer 25

thylakoids

Question 26

split water, release Co2, produce ATP, and form NADPH

Answer 26

light reactions

Question 27

flattened channels and disks arranged in stacks found in the thylakoid membrane

Answer 27

grana

Question 28

interior tissue of a leaf

Answer 28

mesophyll

Question 29

structure through which CO2 enters a plant, and water and O2 leave

Answer 29

stomata

Question 30

(in the stroma, synthesis occurs) forms glucose from CO2, using ATP and NADPH

Answer 30

Calvin cycle

Question 31

The attachment of the carbon from CO2 to molecule that is able to enter the Calvin cycle assisted by Rubisco

Answer 31

carbon fixation

Question 32

process by which ATP is made during thr light independent reactions of photosynthesis. It is the chloroplast equivalent of oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 32

photophosphorylation

Question 33

The entire range of electromagnetic energy or radiation

Answer 33

electromagnetic spectrum

Question 34

distance between crests of waves

Answer 34

wavelength

Question 35

consist of the colors we can see including wavelengths that drive photosynthesis

Answer 35

visible light

Question 36

measures of pigments ability to store various wavelengths

Answer 36

Spectrophotometer

Question 37

A graph plotting a pigments light absorption versus wavelength

Answer 37

absorption spectrum

Question 38

A partial degradation of sugars that occurs without oxygen (its anaerobic)

Answer 38

Fermentation

Question 39

close their stomata on hot, dry days to limit waterloss, CO2 concnetration in the leaf air spaces falls, slowing the calvin cycle

Answer 39

c3 plants

Question 40

Co2 is first added to a three carbon compound, PEP, with the aid of an enzyme (PEP Carboxylase) that has a high affinity for CO2. The resulting four carbon compound formed in the mesophyll cells of the leaf is transported to bundle sheath cells tightly packed around the veins of the leaf. The compound is broken down to release CO2, which rubisco then foxes into the calvin cycle

Answer 40

C4 plants

Question 41

the primary pathway, involves both photosystems and produces ATP and NADH

Answer 41

noncyclic

Question 42

uses only photosystem I, and produces only ATP | -generates surplus ATP, satisfying the higher demand in the Calvin cycle

Answer 42

cyclic electron flow

Question 43

best at absorbing a wavelength of 700nm

Answer 43

photosystem I

Question 44

photosystem II functions first (the numbers reflect order of discovery) and is best at absorbing a wavelength of 680nm

Answer 44

photosystem II

Question 45

open their stomata at night, incorporating CO2 into organic acids

Answer 45

Cam plants

Question 46

catalyzed bt rubisco

Answer 46

carbon fixation

Question 47

a photosynthetic pigment that participates directly in the light reactions, which covert solar energy to chrmical energy.

Answer 47

chlorophyll a

Question 48

an accessory photosynthetic pigment that transfers energy to chlorophyll a

Answer 48

chlorophyll b

Question 49

an accessory pigment, either yellow or orange, in the chloroplasts of plants and in some prokaryotes. by absorbing wavelengths of light that chlorophyll cannot, carotenoids broaden the spectrum of colors that can drive photosynthesis

Answer 49

carotenoid

Question 50

consists of a reaction center surrounded by light harbesting complexes

Answer 50

photosystem

Question 51

a graph that profiles the relative effectiveness of different wavelengths of radiation in driving a particular process.

Answer 51

action spectrum

Question 52

a quantum, or discrete quantity, of light energy that behaves as if it were a particle

Answer 52

photon

Question 53

the enzyme that catalyzes the first step of the calvin cycle

Answer 53

rubisco

Question 54

an enzyme that adds co2 to phosphoenolpyruvate to form oxaloacetate in c4 plants. it acts prior to photosynthesis

Answer 54

pep carboxylase

Question 55

in the thylakoid membrane of a chloroplast or in the membrane of some prokaryotes, a specialized molecule that shares the reaction center complex with a pair of chlorophyll a molecules and that accepts an electron from them

Answer 55

primary electron acceptor

Question 56

complex of proteins associated with two special Chlorophyll a molecules and a primary electron acceptor. located centrally in a photosystem, this complex triggers the light reactions of photosynthesis

Answer 56

reaction center

Question 57

in C4 plants,a type of photosynthetic cell arrnaged into tightly packed sheaths around the veins of a leaf

Answer 57

bundle sheath cells

Question 58

The formation of ATP by an enzyme directly transferring a phosphate group to ADP from an intermediate substrate in catabolism

Answer 58

substrate level phosphorylation

Question 59

and Iron containing protein that is a component of electron transport chain in the mitochondria and chloroplasts of eukaryotic cells and plasma membrane's of prokaryotic cells

Answer 59

cytochromes

Question 60

an organelle in eukaryotic cells that serves as the site of cellular respiration

Answer 60

mitochondrion

Question 61

a smaller amount of atp is formed directly in a few reactions or glycolysis and the citric acid cycle by a mechanism called

Answer 61

substrate level phosphorylation