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Ap Biology chapters > ch.9 and 10 vocab > Flashcards

ch.9 and 10 vocab Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Chemical reactions that transfer of electrons between reactions are called

A

redox reactions

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2
Q

A substance loses electrons or is oxidized

A

oxidation

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3
Q

A substance gains electrons or is reduced

A

reduction

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4
Q

The electron donor is called the

A

reducing agent

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5
Q

electron receptor is called the

A

oxidizing agent

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6
Q

a coenzyme

A

NAD

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7
Q

represents stored energy that is tapped to synthesize ATP

A

NADH

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8
Q

passes electrons in a series of steps instead of one explosive reaction

A

electron transport chain

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9
Q

breaks down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate

A

glycolysis

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10
Q

completes the breakdown of glucose

A

citric acid cycle

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11
Q

accounts for most of the ATP synthesis

A

oxidative phosphorylation

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12
Q

links the cycle to glycolysis

A

acetyl CoA

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13
Q

diffusion of H+ ions across the membrane

A

chemiosmosis

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14
Q

occurs in the presence of oxygen

A

aerobic respiration

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15
Q

occurs in situations where oxygen is not available

A

anaerobic respiration

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16
Q

pyruvate is converted to ethanol in two steps, with the first realeasing CO2

A

alcohol fermentation

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17
Q

pyruvate is reduced to NADH, forming lactate as an end product, with no release of CO2

A

lactic acid fermentation

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18
Q

H+ gradient is referred to as a _______, emphasizing its capacity to do work

A

proton motive force

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19
Q

the process that converts solar energy into chemical energy

A

photosynthesis

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20
Q

sustain themselves without eating anything derived from other organisms
-are the producers of the biosphere, producing organic molecules from CO2 and other inorganic molecules

A

autotrophs

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21
Q

obtain there organic material from other organisms

-are the consumers of the biosphere

A

heterotrophs

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22
Q

the green pigment within chloroplasts

A

chlorophyll

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23
Q

organelles that are responsible for feeding the vast majority of organisms
-present in a variety of photosynthesizing organisms

A

Chloroplasts

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24
Q

a dense fluid

A

stroma

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25
Q

transform light energy into chemical energy of ATP and NADPH

A

thylakoids

26
Q

split water, release Co2, produce ATP, and form NADPH

A

light reactions

27
Q

flattened channels and disks arranged in stacks found in the thylakoid membrane

A

grana

28
Q

interior tissue of a leaf

A

mesophyll

29
Q

structure through which CO2 enters a plant, and water and O2 leave

A

stomata

30
Q

(in the stroma, synthesis occurs) forms glucose from CO2, using ATP and NADPH

A

Calvin cycle

31
Q

The attachment of the carbon from CO2 to molecule that is able to enter the Calvin cycle assisted by Rubisco

A

carbon fixation

32
Q

process by which ATP is made during thr light independent reactions of photosynthesis. It is the chloroplast equivalent of oxidative phosphorylation

A

photophosphorylation

33
Q

The entire range of electromagnetic energy or radiation

A

electromagnetic spectrum

34
Q

distance between crests of waves

A

wavelength

35
Q

consist of the colors we can see including wavelengths that drive photosynthesis

A

visible light

36
Q

measures of pigments ability to store various wavelengths

A

Spectrophotometer

37
Q

A graph plotting a pigments light absorption versus wavelength

A

absorption spectrum

38
Q

A partial degradation of sugars that occurs without oxygen (its anaerobic)

A

Fermentation

39
Q

close their stomata on hot, dry days to limit waterloss, CO2 concnetration in the leaf air spaces falls, slowing the calvin cycle

A

c3 plants

40
Q

Co2 is first added to a three carbon compound, PEP, with the aid of an enzyme (PEP Carboxylase) that has a high affinity for CO2. The resulting four carbon compound formed in the mesophyll cells of the leaf is transported to bundle sheath cells tightly packed around the veins of the leaf. The compound is broken down to release CO2, which rubisco then foxes into the calvin cycle

A

C4 plants

41
Q

the primary pathway, involves both photosystems and produces ATP and NADH

A

noncyclic

42
Q

uses only photosystem I, and produces only ATP

-generates surplus ATP, satisfying the higher demand in the Calvin cycle

A

cyclic electron flow

43
Q

best at absorbing a wavelength of 700nm

A

photosystem I

44
Q

photosystem II functions first (the numbers reflect order of discovery) and is best at absorbing a wavelength of 680nm

A

photosystem II

45
Q

open their stomata at night, incorporating CO2 into organic acids

A

Cam plants

46
Q

catalyzed bt rubisco

A

carbon fixation

47
Q

a photosynthetic pigment that participates directly in the light reactions, which covert solar energy to chrmical energy.

A

chlorophyll a

48
Q

an accessory photosynthetic pigment that transfers energy to chlorophyll a

A

chlorophyll b

49
Q

an accessory pigment, either yellow or orange, in the chloroplasts of plants and in some prokaryotes. by absorbing wavelengths of light that chlorophyll cannot, carotenoids broaden the spectrum of colors that can drive photosynthesis

A

carotenoid

50
Q

consists of a reaction center surrounded by light harbesting complexes

A

photosystem

51
Q

a graph that profiles the relative effectiveness of different wavelengths of radiation in driving a particular process.

A

action spectrum

52
Q

a quantum, or discrete quantity, of light energy that behaves as if it were a particle

A

photon

53
Q

the enzyme that catalyzes the first step of the calvin cycle

A

rubisco

54
Q

an enzyme that adds co2 to phosphoenolpyruvate to form oxaloacetate in c4 plants. it acts prior to photosynthesis

A

pep carboxylase

55
Q

in the thylakoid membrane of a chloroplast or in the membrane of some prokaryotes, a specialized molecule that shares the reaction center complex with a pair of chlorophyll a molecules and that accepts an electron from them

A

primary electron acceptor

56
Q

complex of proteins associated with two special Chlorophyll a molecules and a primary electron acceptor. located centrally in a photosystem, this complex triggers the light reactions of photosynthesis

A

reaction center

57
Q

in C4 plants,a type of photosynthetic cell arrnaged into tightly packed sheaths around the veins of a leaf

A

bundle sheath cells

58
Q

The formation of ATP by an enzyme directly transferring a phosphate group to ADP from an intermediate substrate in catabolism

A

substrate level phosphorylation

59
Q

and Iron containing protein that is a component of electron transport chain in the mitochondria and chloroplasts of eukaryotic cells and plasma membrane’s of prokaryotic cells

A

cytochromes

60
Q

an organelle in eukaryotic cells that serves as the site of cellular respiration

A

mitochondrion

61
Q

a smaller amount of atp is formed directly in a few reactions or glycolysis and the citric acid cycle by a mechanism called

A

substrate level phosphorylation

Ap Biology chapters (10 decks)

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