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Ap Biology chapters > Chapter 6&7 word list > Flashcards

Chapter 6&7 word list Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

focus a beam of electrons onto the surface of a specimen, providing images that look 3D

A

Scanning electron microscope

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2
Q
  • visible light passes through a specimen and then through glass lenses, which magnify the image
  • The minimum resolution of an ____ _____ is about 200 nanometers (nm), the site of a small bacterium
  • can magnify effectively to about 1,000 times the size of the actual specimen
  • Various techniques enhance control and enable cell components to be stained or labeled
  • Most subcellular structures, or organelles, are too small to be resolved by a LM
A

Light Microscope

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3
Q

Scientists use ____ to visualize cells too small to see with the naked eye

A

microscope

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4
Q

focus a beam of electrons through a specimen

A

Transmission electron microscopes

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5
Q

subcellular structures

A

organelle

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6
Q
  • takes cells apart and separates the major organelles from one another
  • Ultracentrifuges fractionate cells into their component parts
  • Enables scientists to determine the functions of organelles
A

Cell fractionation

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7
Q

semifluid substance called the _____ (or cytoplasm)

A

Cytosol

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8
Q

What are the basic features of ALL cells

A
  • Plasma membrane
  • Semi Fluid substance called the cytosol (or cytoplasm)
  • Chromosomes (carry genes)
  • Ribosomes (Make proteins)
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9
Q
  • Have no nucleus
  • DNA is in an unbound region called the nucleoid
  • lack membrane bound organelles
A

Prokaryotic Cells

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10
Q
  • DNA in a nucleus that is bounded by a membranous nuclear envelope
  • have membrane bound organelles
  • generally much larger
  • The logistics of carrying out cellular metabolism sets limits on the size of cells
A

Eukaryotic cells

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11
Q
  • a selective barrier that allows sufficient passage of oxygen, nutrients, and waste to service the volume of the cell.
  • general structure of a biological membrane is a double layer of phospholipids
A

Plasma membrane

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12
Q
  • genetic library of the cell
  • contains most of the DNA in a eukaryotic cell
  • Ribosomes use the information from the DNA to make proteins
  • contains most of the cell’s genes and is usually the most conspicuous organelle
  • the nuclear envelope encloses the ____, separating it from the cytoplasm
A

Nucleus

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13
Q

carry genes

A

chromosomes

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14
Q

non membranous organelle involved in production of ribosomes; a nucleus had one or more nucleoli

A

nucleolus

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15
Q

-carry out protein synthesis in two locations:
-in the cytosol (free ribosome)
-on the outside of the endoplasmic reticulum(ER)
or the nuclear envelope (bound ribosomes)
-are particles made of ribosomal RNA and rRNA and protein

A

Ribosome

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16
Q

-regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions in the cell

A

Endomembrane system

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17
Q

What are the components of the endomembrane system

A
  • Nuclear envelope
  • Endoplasmic reticulum
  • Golgi apparatus
  • Lysosomes
  • Vacuoles
  • Plasma membrane

These components are either continuous or connected via transfer by vesicles

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18
Q

composed of DNA and associated proteins; it carries the cell’s genetic information.

A

Chromatin

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19
Q
  • membrane bound sacs with varied functions
  • diverse maintenance compartment
  • contains materials in transport of the cell
A

Vesicles and Vacuoles (larger versions of vesicles)

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20
Q
  • accounts for more than half of the total membrane in many eukaryotic cells
  • membrane is continuous with the nuclear envelope
A

Endoplasmic reticulum

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21
Q
  • biosynthetic factory
  • ribosomes studding its surface
  • has bound ribosomes
  • Produces proteins and membranes, which are distributed by transport vesicles
  • membrane factory for the cell
A

Rough ER

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22
Q
  • biosynthetic factory
  • synthesizes lipids
  • metabolizes carbohydrates
  • stores calcium
  • detoxifies poison
A

Smooth ER

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23
Q

-shipping and receiving center
-Consists of flattened membranous sacs called cisternae
Functions: Modifies products of the ER,
Manufactures certain macromolecules, sorts and packages materials into transport vesicles

A

Golgi Apparatus

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24
Q

-digestive compartments
-membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes (=”recycling center”)
-can hydrolyze proteins, fats, polysaccharides,
and nucleic acids
-use enzymes to recycle organelles and macromolecules, a process called autophagy

A

Lysosomes

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25
Q

formed by phagocytosis

A

Food Vacuoles

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26
Q

found in many freshwater protists, pump excess water out of cells

A

Contractile Vacuoles

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27
Q

found in many mature plant cells, hold organic compounds and water

A

Central Vacuoles(plant cells)

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28
Q

Chemical energy conversion

  • in nearly all eukaryotic cells
  • have a smooth outer membrane and an inner membrane folded into cristae (crinkled cristae)
  • the inner membrane creates two compartments: intermembrane space and mitochondrial matrix (Mito Middle=Matrix)
  • some metabolic steps of cellular respiration are catalyzed in the _____ matrix
  • Cristae present a large surface area for enzymes that synthesize ATP
A

Mitochondria: Chemical energy conversion

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29
Q

present a large surface area for enzymes that synthesize ATP

A

Cristae

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30
Q

-member of a family of organelles called plastids
-contain the green pigment chlorophyll, as well as enzymes and other molecules that function in photosynthesis
-found in leaves and other green organs of plants and algae
structure includes: Thylakoids, membranous sacs
Stroma, the internal fluid

A

Chloroplast: Capture of light energy

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31
Q

membranous sacs

A

Thylakoid

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32
Q

internal fluid

A

Stroma

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33
Q
  • specialized metabolic compartments bounded by a single membrane
  • contain the enzyme catalase to convert the hydrogen peroxide to water
A

Peroxisome

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34
Q

a network of fibers that organizes structures and activities in the cell

  • a network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm
  • organizes the cell’s structures and activities, anchoring many organelles
  • composed of three types of molecular structures:
  • Microtubules
  • Microfilaments
  • Intermediate filaments
A

Cytoskeleton: Support, motility, Regulation

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35
Q

helps to support the cell and maintain its shape

  • interacts with motor proteins to produce motility
  • inside the cell, vesicles can travel along the “monorails” provided by the _____
  • may help regulate biochemical activities
A

Cytoskeleton: Support, Motility, Regulation

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36
Q

Protein Subunits: Tubulin, consisting of a tubulin and b tubulin
Functions:
-Shaping the cell
-Guiding movement of organelles
-Separating chromosomes during cell division
-control the beating of cilia and flagella, locomotor appendages of some cells

A

Microtubule

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37
Q

Protein subunits: Actin
Main functions: Maintenance of cell shape (tension-bearing elements)
-Changes in cell shape
-Muscle contraction
-Cytoplasmic streaming
-Cell motility
-Cell division (cleavage furrow formation)

A

Microfilaments (Actin Filaments)

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38
Q

Protein subunits: One of several different proteins of the keratin family; depending on cell type
Main functions: Maintenance of cell shape (tension-bearing elements)
-Anchorage of nucleus and certain other organelles
-Formation of nuclear lamina

A

Intermediate Filaments

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39
Q

“microtubule organizing center”

1) in many cells, microtubules grow out from a ____ near the nucleus
2) In Animal cells, the ____ has a pair of ____, each with nine pairs or triplets of microtubules arranged in a ring

A

1) centrosome

2) centrosome, centrioles

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40
Q

anchors the cilium or flagellum

A

Basal body

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41
Q

(cellular extensions) extend and contract through the reversible assembly and contraction of actin subunits into microfilaments

A

Pseudopodia

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42
Q
  • a circular flow of cytoplasm within cells
  • This streaming speeds distribution of materials within the cell
  • In plant cells, actin-myosin interactions and sol-gel transformations drive _____
A

Cytoplasmic streaming

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43
Q
  • extracellular structure that distinguishes plant from animal cells
  • protects the plant cell, maintains its shape, and prevents excessive uptake of water
  • Plant cell walls are made of cellulose fibers embedded in other polysaccharides and protein
A

cell wall

44
Q

relatively thin and flexible

A

primary cell wall

45
Q

thin layer between primary walls of adjacent cells

A

Middle Lamella

46
Q

added between the plasma membrane and the primary cell wall

A

Secondary cell wall

47
Q 
made up of glycoprotiens and other macromolecules 
functions:
support
adhesion
movement
regulation
A

Extracellular matrix

48
Q
  • channels that perforate plant cell walls

- through ______ water and small solutes (and sometimes proteins and RNA) can pass from cell to cell

A

Plants: Plasmodesmata

49
Q

membranes of neighboring cells are pressed together, preventing leakages of extracellular fluid

A

Tight junctions

50
Q

(anchoring junctions) fasten cells together into strong sheets

A

Desmosomes

51
Q

(communicating junctions) provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent cells

A

Gap Junctions

52
Q

allowing some substances to cross it more easily than others

A

Selective permeability (of plasma membrane)

53
Q

states that a membrane is a fluid structure with a “mosaic” of various proteins embedded in it

A

Fluid Mosaic Model

54
Q
  • penetrate the hydrophobic core and often span the membrane
  • ______ that span the membrane are called transmembrane proteins
A

Integral Proteins

55
Q

Membrane carbohydrates may be covalently bonded to lipids

A

glycolipids

56
Q

Membrane carbohydrates may be covalently bonded to proteins

A

glycoproteins

57
Q

chanel proteins called ____facilitate the passage of water

A

aquaporins

58
Q

the difference in concentration of a substance from one area to another

A

concentration gradient

59
Q

diffusion of a substance across a membrane with no energy investment

A

Passive transport

60
Q

uses energy to move solutes against their gradients

A

Active transport

61
Q

the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

A

Osmosis

62
Q

solute concentration is the same as that inside the cell; no net water movement across the plasma membrane

A

Isotonic solution

63
Q

solute concentration is less than that inside the cell; cell gains water

A

Hypotonic solution

64
Q

solute concentration is greater than that inside the cell; cell loses water

A

Hypertonic solution

65
Q

control of water balance

A

osmoregulation

66
Q

transport proteins speed movement of molecules across the plasma membrane

A

Facilitated diffusion

67
Q

two combined forces, collectively called the _______, drive the diffusion of ions across a membrane

A

Electrochemical gradient

68
Q

the main electrogenic pump of plants, fungi, and bacteria is a ______

A

proton pump

69
Q

occurs when active transport of one solute indirectly drives transport of another solute

A

Cotransport

70
Q
  • transport vesicles migrate to the membrane, fuse with it, and release their contents
  • many secretory cells use ____ to export their products
A

Exocytosis

71
Q
  • the cell takes in macromolecules by forming vesicles from the plasma membrane
  • is a reversal of exocytosis, involving different proteins
A

Endocytosis

72
Q

some membrane proteins from junctions between adjacent cells

A

adhesion proteins

73
Q

serve as docking sites for proteins of the extracellular matrix or hormones

A

receptor proteins

74
Q

from pumps that use ATP to actively transport solutes across the membrane

A

transport proteins

75
Q

from channels that selectively allow the passage of certain ions or molecules

A

channel proteins

76
Q

some proteins, such as glycoproteins, are exposed on the extracellular surface and play a role in cell recognition and adhesion

A

recognition and adhesion proteins

77
Q

attached to the surface of some proteins are

A

carbohydrate side chains

78
Q

______ molecules are also found in the _______ because they help stabilize membrane fluidity in animal cells

A

Cholesterol; phospholipid bilayer

79
Q

in a prokaryotic cell, Dna is in an unbound region called the ______

A

nucleoid

80
Q

where rRNA is made and ribsomes are assembled

A

nucleolus

81
Q

what are the components of the endomembrane system

A 
nuclear envelope
endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes
vacuoles
plasma membrane
82
Q

what are the basic features of all cells

A

plasma membrane
cytosol (or cytoplasm)
chromosomes
ribosomes

83
Q

microtubule organizing center; produce microtubules, which pull the replicated chromosomes apart and move them to opposite ends of the cell

A

centrioles

84
Q

Cell wall: Yes/no

prokaryote, plant cell,Animal cell

A

Yes yes no

85
Q

Plasma membrane: prokaryote, Plant cell, Animal cell (Yes/No)

A

Yes, Yes, Yes

86
Q

Organelles (Yes/no) Prokaryote, Plant cell, Animal cell

A

No yes yes

87
Q

Nucleus (Yes/no) Prokaryote, Plant cell, Animal cell

A

No yes yes

88
Q

centrioles (Yes/no) Prokaryote, Plant cell, Animal cell

A

No no yes

89
Q

Ribosomes (Yes/No) Prokaryote, Plant cell, Animal cell

A

Yes Yes Yes

90
Q

the cell takes in solids (“cell eating” cell engulfs particle in a vacuole

A

Phagocytosis

91
Q

____ and _____ are threadlike structures best known for their locomotive properties in single celled organisms

A

Cilia and Flagella

92
Q

one way movement of fluids brought about by pressure

A

Bulk flow

93
Q

diffusion of solutes across a selectively permeable membrane

A

Dialysis

94
Q

can help lipid insoluble substances get in or out

A

Channel proteins

95
Q

help usher the substances across the plasma membrane, but its going to need energy

A

Transport protein

96
Q

“cellular drinking” cell creates vesicle around fluid

A

Pinocytosis

97
Q

Binding of ligands to receptors triggers vesicle formation

A

Receptor mediated endocytosis

98
Q

A membrane separating the vacuole from the surrounding cytoplasm in a plant cell

A

tonoplast

99
Q

A motor proteins in cells which converts the chemical energy contained in ATP into the mechanical energy of movement

A

Dynein

100
Q

a motor protein in cells which converts the chemical energy contained in ATP into the mechanical energy of movement

A

Dynein

101
Q

a membrane separating a vacuole from the surrounding cytoplasm in a plant cell

A

tonoplast

102
Q

forms microfilaments

A

actin

103
Q

move materials between organelles or between organelles and the plasma membrane

A

transport vesicle

104
Q

a complex of proteins and DNA

A

Chromatin

105
Q

A protein that converts chemical energy in the form of ATP to mechanical energy

A

myosin

106
Q

some metabolic steps of cellular respiration are catalyzed in the _______

A

mitochondrial matrix

Ap Biology chapters (10 decks)

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