Chapter 8 - Urban Planning and Infrastructure Flashcards
central business district (CBD)
The social, cultural, commercial, and political centre of the city; usually characterised by high-rise office and residential towers, key municipal government buildings, and civic amenities
urban structure
urban structure is the arrangement of land use in cities; arrangement of residential, commercial, recreational, transportation, industrial and institutional land
describe how centrality affects the Bid Rent Curve for land use
The graph shows that the economic value of land decrease with increasing distance from the centre
The Bid Rent curve demonstrates that retail, then manufacturing, then residential real estate is the most expensive the closer you are to the CBD
5 parts of the concentric zone model (of Chicago)
- Central Business District
- Zone of Transition
- Zone of Low Income Housing
- Zone of Middle Income Housing
- Commuter Zone
sector model
takes into account increased accessibility via transportation corridors and that distance from markets is what determines land usage
Multiple nuclei model
built around the original concentric model, but recognizes that other nuclei may develop as different hubs in the city emerge
(additional nuclei could be airports, universities, suburban business centres)
T/F: the concentric zone model focuses on distance, the sector model on distance and direction, and the multiple nuclei model on distance, direction, and multiple centres
True
define urban planning
Efficient allocation of of available resources
Desire to express political authority, and necessity to manage rapid urbanisation with industrialisation
4 Main Planning Movements: The City Beautiful
proposed in response to poor conditions of the industrial city, such as rise in diseases and pollution; they advocated redesigning street layouts and public buildings and open spaces (adding trees, parks)
4 Main Planning Movements: The Garden City
A planned settlement designed to combine the advantages of urban and rural living; an urban centre emphasising spaciousness and quality of life and green belts
(green spaces where urban development is not allowed)
4 Main Planning Movements: The City of Towers
aimed to increase population density and organise populations in a rational matter (ex. By social class) using large, high rise buildings separated by vast open spaces linked by wide roads and thoroughfares (Brasilia, Brazil);
wanted people to live and work in the same buildings
4 Main Planning Movements: New Urbanism
a response to suburban sprawl that seeks to return to a compact, walkable, mixed-use neighbourhoods (sense of community) of the past
T/F: “Planning is a pragmatic activity intended to influence the form and function of the city and to make it a more livable environment”
True
land use planning
systematic coordination of development of the physical environment to a desired end
aims to ensure that incompatible land uses are not located adjacent to each other
zoning
legal restrictions on land use to determine what types of urban activity are allowed to take place on parcels of land (residential, commercial, industrial)
Disadvantages of zoning
While beneficial, zoning can lead to exclusionary practices and unequal access to resources
A lack of zoning lead to chaotic development
mixed use
more than one activity happening in one area (commercial and residential)
what is an example of chrono urbanism
City of 15 minutes, means accessing many of your daily needs within 15 minutes from home
Decribe the opposing views on housing
Some view housing as a commodity, something to be bought and sold and has no gov. Intervention
Others view housing as a basic human right and think government should provide housing to all
filtering
Filtering: a process of home ownership cycling through different socioeconomic classes as an area improves or worsens over time
segregation
The spatial separation of population subgroups within the wider urban population
Urban enclaves (little Italy) and ghettos
redlining
multiculturalism
a society that accepts the plurality of cultures; more than one culture
made official policy in Canada in 1971; but some argue it doesnt feel all that diffferent from the US
neighbourhood
“A part of the city that displays some internal homogeneity regarding type of housing, income level, ethnic identity or shared social values”
jacobs argued that neighbourhoods are like valentines –> sentimental
describe how segregation can be good and bad
Can be exclusionary and not give these residents an equal opportunity at life
OR they can be beneficial wherein these groups make up the majority of a riding, and can voice their opinions in municipal elections
congregation
the residential clustering of specific populations (minority groups), usually as a matter of choice or preference
involuntary segregation
the residential clustering of specific populations (minority groups), usually as a result of discrimination
suburbanization
traditional city design had central area with concentric patterns moving out
advancements in transportation greatly affected this dynamic (reducing friction of distance)
conurbation
A continuously built-up area formed by the coalescing of several expanding cities that were originally separate
Think of Toronto expanding into Hamilton or Denver expanding into Aurora, CO
Leads to contiguous urban - suburban areas among neighbouring cities
edge city
centre of office and retail activities located on the edge of a large urban centre
No manufacturing plants, few factories and mostly offers service jobs, administrative positions, professional services work
Surrey, BC, Markham, ON, and Mississauga, ON are examples
cycle of poverty
Cycle of Poverty: The idea that poverty and deprivation are transmitted intergenerationally, reflecting home background and spatial variations in opportunities
decentralization-centralization
Historically cities grew outward in a leapfrog fashion (developing the suburbs), but recently we have seen this trend reverse and central areas and inner cities have been redeveloped
also called gentrification when inner city people are displaced
gentrification
a process of inner city urban neighbourhood social change resulting from higher income groups moving in
(yoga studios, bistros, and coffee shops in inner cities)
provide an example of gentrifiKation
(hint, starts with a K)
Toronto’s Kensington market, a less-affluent area, which offers an alternative to urban shopping malls and grocery stores; Caribbean, African, and Asian cultures are vibrant in this area as they sell specialty goods native to their home country’s
However, many real estate private equity firms, commercial chain stores, and mass retailers are attempting to buy up lots in Kensington which may drive up land prices and force out these lower-income groups from selling goods here
has poverty imporved or worsened over last 5 years
The poverty rate has declined over last 5 years but remains high in Vancouver, Halifax and Toronto
Poverty is usually concentrated in specific neighbourhoods and disproportionately affects vulnerable groups
roofless
houseless
hidden homeless
sleeping in open air
sleeping in shelters
couch surfing, staying in shelters, etc
how has economic restructuring affected cities over past 50 years
As more developed economies started using developing countries to run their manufacturing operations, less cities in the developed world relied on manufacturing for local GDP
Led to more CBDs having professional services firms in their downtown office buildings
How the decline in friction of distance contributed to the build out of suburbs
As transportation became more cost effective, companies began opening offices in the suburbs to reduce costs and attract and retain workers; Toronto is an example of this
only 20% of office space in Toronto is downtown
mobility
“The ability to move from one place to another,” and a critical part of the functioning of cities
In general, mobility has improved over time with advances in transportation and increased incomes, which has reduced the constraining factor of living further from the CBD
has improvement in technology helped increase mobility?
yes, it led to the increase in remote work and reduced the need for travelling in and out of the CBD
e-com, such as online banking, telemedicine, and online shopping, has radically changed the commercial landscape of the city
slum
A heavily populated informal settlement, usually located within the urban core, and characterized by poverty, substandard housing, crime, and a lack of sanitation, water, etc
gated community
A high-status residential subdivision or community with access limited to residents and other authorized people such as domestic workers, tradespeople, and visitors; often surrounded by a perimeter wall, fence, or buffer zone such as a golf course
