Chapter 8 - Urban Planning and Infrastructure

Question 1

central business district (CBD)

Answer 1

The social, cultural, commercial, and political centre of the city; usually characterised by high-rise office and residential towers, key municipal government buildings, and civic amenities

Question 2

urban structure

Answer 2

urban structure is the arrangement of land use in cities; arrangement of residential, commercial, recreational, transportation, industrial and institutional land

Question 3

describe how centrality affects the Bid Rent Curve for land use

Answer 3

The graph shows that the economic value of land decrease with increasing distance from the centre

The Bid Rent curve demonstrates that retail, then manufacturing, then residential real estate is the most expensive the closer you are to the CBD

Question 4

5 parts of the concentric zone model (of Chicago)

Answer 4

1. Central Business District
2. Zone of Transition
3. Zone of Low Income Housing
4. Zone of Middle Income Housing
5. Commuter Zone

Question 5

sector model

Answer 5

takes into account increased accessibility via transportation corridors and that distance from markets is what determines land usage

Question 6

Multiple nuclei model

Answer 6

built around the original concentric model, but recognizes that other nuclei may develop as different hubs in the city emerge

(additional nuclei could be airports, universities, suburban business centres)

Question 7

T/F: the concentric zone model focuses on distance, the sector model on distance and direction, and the multiple nuclei model on distance, direction, and multiple centres

Answer 7

True

Question 8

define urban planning

Answer 8

Efficient allocation of of available resources

Desire to express political authority, and necessity to manage rapid urbanisation with industrialisation

Question 9

4 Main Planning Movements: The City Beautiful

Answer 9

proposed in response to poor conditions of the industrial city, such as rise in diseases and pollution; they advocated redesigning street layouts and public buildings and open spaces (adding trees, parks)

Question 10

4 Main Planning Movements: The Garden City

Answer 10

A planned settlement designed to combine the advantages of urban and rural living; an urban centre emphasising spaciousness and quality of life and green belts

(green spaces where urban development is not allowed)

Question 11

4 Main Planning Movements: The City of Towers

Answer 11

aimed to increase population density and organise populations in a rational matter (ex. By social class) using large, high rise buildings separated by vast open spaces linked by wide roads and thoroughfares (Brasilia, Brazil);

wanted people to live and work in the same buildings

Question 12

4 Main Planning Movements: New Urbanism

Answer 12

a response to suburban sprawl that seeks to return to a compact, walkable, mixed-use neighbourhoods (sense of community) of the past

Question 13

T/F: “Planning is a pragmatic activity intended to influence the form and function of the city and to make it a more livable environment”

Answer 13

True

Question 14

land use planning

Answer 14

systematic coordination of development of the physical environment to a desired end

aims to ensure that incompatible land uses are not located adjacent to each other

Question 15

zoning

Answer 15

legal restrictions on land use to determine what types of urban activity are allowed to take place on parcels of land (residential, commercial, industrial)

Question 16

Disadvantages of zoning

Answer 16

While beneficial, zoning can lead to exclusionary practices and unequal access to resources

A lack of zoning lead to chaotic development

Question 17

mixed use

Answer 17

more than one activity happening in one area (commercial and residential)

Question 18

what is an example of chrono urbanism

Answer 18

City of 15 minutes, means accessing many of your daily needs within 15 minutes from home

Question 19

Decribe the opposing views on housing

Answer 19

Some view housing as a commodity, something to be bought and sold and has no gov. Intervention

Others view housing as a basic human right and think government should provide housing to all

Question 20

filtering

Answer 20

Filtering: a process of home ownership cycling through different socioeconomic classes as an area improves or worsens over time

Question 21

segregation

Answer 21

The spatial separation of population subgroups within the wider urban population

Urban enclaves (little Italy) and ghettos
redlining

Question 22

multiculturalism

Answer 22

a society that accepts the plurality of cultures; more than one culture

made official policy in Canada in 1971; but some argue it doesnt feel all that diffferent from the US

Question 23

neighbourhood

Answer 23

“A part of the city that displays some internal homogeneity regarding type of housing, income level, ethnic identity or shared social values”

jacobs argued that neighbourhoods are like valentines –> sentimental

Question 24

describe how segregation can be good and bad

Answer 24

Can be exclusionary and not give these residents an equal opportunity at life

OR they can be beneficial wherein these groups make up the majority of a riding, and can voice their opinions in municipal elections

Question 25

congregation

Answer 25

the residential clustering of specific populations (minority groups), usually as a matter of choice or preference

Question 26

involuntary segregation

Answer 26

the residential clustering of specific populations (minority groups), usually as a result of discrimination

Question 27

suburbanization

Answer 27

traditional city design had central area with concentric patterns moving out

advancements in transportation greatly affected this dynamic (reducing friction of distance)

Question 28

conurbation

Answer 28

A continuously built-up area formed by the coalescing of several expanding cities that were originally separate

Think of Toronto expanding into Hamilton or Denver expanding into Aurora, CO

Leads to contiguous urban - suburban areas among neighbouring cities

Question 29

edge city

Answer 29

centre of office and retail activities located on the edge of a large urban centre

No manufacturing plants, few factories and mostly offers service jobs, administrative positions, professional services work

Surrey, BC, Markham, ON, and Mississauga, ON are examples

Question 30

cycle of poverty

Answer 30

Cycle of Poverty: The idea that poverty and deprivation are transmitted intergenerationally, reflecting home background and spatial variations in opportunities

Question 31

decentralization-centralization

Answer 31

Historically cities grew outward in a leapfrog fashion (developing the suburbs), but recently we have seen this trend reverse and central areas and inner cities have been redeveloped

also called gentrification when inner city people are displaced

Question 32

gentrification

Answer 32

a process of inner city urban neighbourhood social change resulting from higher income groups moving in

(yoga studios, bistros, and coffee shops in inner cities)

Question 33

provide an example of gentrifiKation
(hint, starts with a K)

Answer 33

Toronto’s Kensington market, a less-affluent area, which offers an alternative to urban shopping malls and grocery stores; Caribbean, African, and Asian cultures are vibrant in this area as they sell specialty goods native to their home country’s

However, many real estate private equity firms, commercial chain stores, and mass retailers are attempting to buy up lots in Kensington which may drive up land prices and force out these lower-income groups from selling goods here

Question 34

has poverty imporved or worsened over last 5 years

Answer 34

The poverty rate has declined over last 5 years but remains high in Vancouver, Halifax and Toronto

Poverty is usually concentrated in specific neighbourhoods and disproportionately affects vulnerable groups

Question 35

roofless
houseless
hidden homeless

Answer 35

sleeping in open air
sleeping in shelters
couch surfing, staying in shelters, etc

Question 36

how has economic restructuring affected cities over past 50 years

Answer 36

As more developed economies started using developing countries to run their manufacturing operations, less cities in the developed world relied on manufacturing for local GDP

Led to more CBDs having professional services firms in their downtown office buildings

Question 37

How the decline in friction of distance contributed to the build out of suburbs

Answer 37

As transportation became more cost effective, companies began opening offices in the suburbs to reduce costs and attract and retain workers; Toronto is an example of this

only 20% of office space in Toronto is downtown

Question 38

mobility

Answer 38

“The ability to move from one place to another,” and a critical part of the functioning of cities

In general, mobility has improved over time with advances in transportation and increased incomes, which has reduced the constraining factor of living further from the CBD

Question 39

has improvement in technology helped increase mobility?

Answer 39

yes, it led to the increase in remote work and reduced the need for travelling in and out of the CBD

e-com, such as online banking, telemedicine, and online shopping, has radically changed the commercial landscape of the city

Question 40

slum

Answer 40

A heavily populated informal settlement, usually located within the urban core, and characterized by poverty, substandard housing, crime, and a lack of sanitation, water, etc

Question 41

gated community

Answer 41

A high-status residential subdivision or community with access limited to residents and other authorized people such as domestic workers, tradespeople, and visitors; often surrounded by a perimeter wall, fence, or buffer zone such as a golf course