Chapter 3 - An Unequal World Flashcards
These are…
“The world population is growing but the rate of growth is slowing
the global fertility rate has continued to decline to 2.3 births per woman
the global population is projected to peak at around 10.4 billion in 2086”
Population dynamics
what are some of the factors that can lead to uneven development in the world
imperialism & colonialism
exploitative or “dependent” modes of development
wealth creation and poverty
UN SDGs
T/F: The World Bank thinks the world’s urban population will double by 2050, reaching 7/10 households living in cities.
True
Describe each:
16-18th Century Civilizing process
18-19th Century Capitalism
1940-1980s Growth & Modernization
1980-Present Neoliberal process
civ.: colonializing and exploiting non-western cultures
cap.: laissez faire, division of labor, class conflict
g&m.: modernization theory through tech transfer from developed cntries
neo: free market led reforms led by global institutions
A Ladder of Growth and Progress:
analysis of cultural and economic change that treats each country or region independently in an evolutionary manner;
assumes all will proceed through the same stages of development
ethnocentrism
a form of prejudice that assumes one’s own culture is normal and natural and that all other cultures are inferior
eurocentrism
a view that places the historical experiences of Europe as the benchmark for all comparisons
Modernization Theory
Societies progressively transition from traditional backward/uncivilised societies to modern societies
Has been criticised: based on observations of European societies; assumed that all societies can develop in the same way
What is the 5 stage Economic Growth Model by W.W. Rostow
5 stage development process for all countries to progress over time, published in the 1960s
Has been criticised because it assumes that countries progress in isolation to others
what are the 5 staegs of W.W. Rostow’s development Model
- traditional society
- transitional stage
- take off
- drive to maturity
- high consumption
Development Underdevelpment Theory
Seeks to help undeveloped countries (form policy and theory) by understanding the economic and social history that lead to their underdevelopment
Most guides to development have been made based on the history of North American and European nations, which are very different from those in Africa and parts of Asia
Dependency Theory
Marxist interpretation
The development of Europe and North America required the systematic underdevelopment of peripheral countries
World Systems Theory (Wallerstein)
Uses Dependency theory to analyze relationships between core, semi-peripheral, and peripheral countries
argues countries get stuck being periphery countries because they are relied on for cheap labor & resources by core countries (Taiwan). Also, these countries have not gone through industrialization or have good educaiton and can’t break out
Define development (verb)
a process that brings about changes in economic prosperity and quality of life; often measured by economic indicators, but also through health, education and other factors
Gini index
Gini index: a measure of income distribution;
a country with a Gini index of 0 would indicate every one has the same income, while a country with a Gini index of 100 would mean one person gets all income while everyone else gets zero
Human Development Index
numerical measure of how well basic human needs are met: life expectancy, education, and income
what are the 2 main ways of categorizing development in countries (Brandt Line and Stages of Development)
The Brandt Line separates the Global North form the rest of the world, comprising of the world’s more developed countries
Alfred Sauvy’s stages of dev. are 1st, 2nd and 3rd world countries
Post Development: The Development Dictionary by Wolfgang Sachs
After WW2, Sachs argued that the US embarked on a mission for development and encouraged other countries to pursue the same goal
His book published in 1992 argued that the last 40 years (40 years after WW2) were called the Age of Development, where the US sought to becmoe the ‘beacon on the hill’
what is sustainable development, as outlined by Gro Bruntland
“… is the development that meets the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”
Associated with Agenda 21 Roadmap (1992)
the triple bottom line is:
economic prosperity, social inclusion, and environmental sustainability
What was the UN Turn of the Millennia? (2000)
Framed as a renewed and expanded version of development
Called for the elimination of poverty and hunger, as well as improvements in equality, health, and education by 2015
What was the purpose of the UN’s SDGs
A new set of goals to ‘end poverty, protect the planet, and ensure prosperity for all’
Broader and more ambitious than the MDG, more goals with an environmental focus
what was argued in Amartya Sen’s Development of Freedom video interview
“Freedom over Wealth”
He argues that in order for a country to experience economic development, other areas like political justice (democracy), health, personal freedom need to be established AND these complement each other
what are international spillovers
When one country’s actions generate benefits or impose costs on another country that are not reflected in market prices, and therefore are not ‘internalised’ by consumers or producers
examples of international spillovers
Environmental and social spillovers linked to trade
Direct cross border flows in air/water
Spillovers related to economic flows
Peacekeeping and security spillovers
“It is the rich countries and upper middle income countries that are responsible for most of what is happening in the world”
what is Professor’s opinion on extreme wealth
Financial obesity is often overlooked and industry leaders that have amassed significant sums of money have a responsibility to provide aid to those in need
what were some of the effects of COVID on extreme poverty
Nearly 4 years of progress made against poverty was lost due to COVID 19
A healthy diet: three billion people cannot afford one
Working poverty rate rose for the first time in two decades in 2020
What is the current poverty line in $
International poverty line = $1.90 a day
what is multidimensional poverty
Incorporates health, education, and standard of living into the metric
multidimensional poverty formula
MPI = Incidence of multidimensional poverty (% of people) x intensity (average share of indicators of which poor people are deprived)
what is possiblism and environmental determinism theory
Possibilism: argues that humans’ decision making and adaptability are the main agents of cultural change, not determined by their environment
Environmental Determinism: argues that the physical environment is what influences cultural change
Shape of Continents Theory (Diamond)
Shape of Continents (Jared Diamond):
argues that the physical shape of Europe (being an East-West continent) allowed it to grow crops easier due to the consistent climate, and subsequently grow their population and develop technologies to help them colonise other parts of the world and move overseas
Colonialism
The forceful appropriation of foreign territory; usually established and maintained through military and political structures,
usually involves displacement of Indigenous ppl
undernutrition
A dietary condition in which an individual consumes a quantity of food insufficient to sustain normal and healthy life; sometimes referred to as undernourishment
Malnourishment
where an individual’s dietary needs are not being met, through too little food, too much food, or the wrong balance of foods (nutrients, vitamins, protein, and so on)
Main descriptors of Food Shortage today
Overpopulation, Distribution, Physical/Human Circumstances
what is an example of the economic factors affecting food shortages
farmers in Kenya are encouraged to grow tea and coffee to be exported to urban countries, at the expense of staple foods which would actually support their own population
how does bad government influence food shortage
underinvestment in rural areas, political instability, refugee problems, and poor bureaucratic processes
(in Mozambique it takes 153 days to register a corporation)
define import substitution
Often used as an incentive for countries to industrialise
Additional taxes will be placed on imports, encouraging domestic production of light goods, such as foods and textiles
structural adjustment program (SAP)
Loans provided to developing countries by the IMF or World Bank, contingent on the country adopting free market policies, such as privatising state-owned companies, and deficit reduction
plays on trickle down effect
How did the foreign debt crisis start
from taking out loans to fast-track industrialization but didn’t develop quick enough to pay back their loans have fallen into a debt trap
In Colombia, they are exporting food to pay off interest payments, despite having a malnourished population
Sex Ratio
the number of males per 100 females in a population
Life cycle
Life Cycle: the process of change experienced by individuals over their lifetime, each associated with differing behaviours (childhood, adolescence, adulthood, old age)
Population Momentum
The tendency for population growth to continue after replacement-level fertility has been achieved due to the relatively high number of people in the child-bearing years
Census
Census: population demographic data retrieved every 5-10 years
