Chapter 5 - Divided World: Identities, Diversity and Unity Flashcards
what is the concept behind Rethinking Culture?
This is the recognition that there is no single, fixed entity called culture, but rather a plurality of cultures, understood as those values that members of human groups share in particular places at particular times
T/F: There are several subcultures within a larger culture, such as hippies, biker gangs, Oilers fans, etc.
True
T/F: race is a ‘myth’ and socially constructed concept
True
However, the myth becomes reality when racism is experienced by people around the world
what are the 4 dimensions of identity
race, gender, ethnicity, sexuality
define ethnicity
a socially constructed system of affiliation, or identity, with a group of people arising from a common ancestry or culture;
contributes to social belonging and exclusion
define ethnic groups
groups whose members perceive themselves as different from others because of a common ancestry and shared culture (Swedes in America)
define gender
The socially constructed differences between men and women, as contrasted to the biological and anatomical differences between the sexes
Involves power relations between powerful men and subordinate women
what is the Gender development index
measures the inequality within a country, the higher the number the more inequality
How are Identities expressed through landscape, place, and space?
Urban areas in the Western World have been constructed assuming heterosexual people, able-bodied people, and male-dominated families, so when people fail to possess these characteristics, they feel excluded through landscape
ethnoscape
Chinatown is an ethnoscape that represents the Chinese ethnicity in many cities around the world
how is gender influencing landscape
historically suburbs were made to separate work and personal life, where housewives would stay at home, NOW this dynamic is changing
Around cities there are statues of men, emphasizing their ‘heroic’ nature but rarely are there female statues
how is sexuality influencing landscape
Pride displays are around the city, flags, painted roads, etc.
There are neighbourhoods in California and Greenwich Village, NYC called “Gayborhoods” that have higher gay populations
describe the income inequality scene in Canada
the top 3 decile earners control 50% of wealth
intergenerational income mobility is much harder for low-income people, while this isn’t the case for mid & upper class people
Low Income Measure (LIM)
a household is considered low income if its income is below 50% of median house
People with Indigenous identity have an ~7% higher prevalence of LIM that non-Indigenous people
Pay Equity Act (2021)
the goal of ensuring ‘equal pay for equal work value,’ applies to federally regulated sectors (banking, air travel, railways, crown corps)
What is the gender pay gap and what sectors is it least/most common in
Gender pay gap for FT employees is 0.89 (2021)
This figure is highest in the natural resource sectors and lowest in the healthcare sector
Elitist landscapes
Areas highly populated with upper class people often are at a higher elevation, are closer to lakes/rivers, are far away from pollution from factories, and have specialty features like golf courses
The landscape expresses exclusion and inequality between people in the city
Landscapes of despair
ypically dark, closed off areas in the city and these areas evoke fear in people
How is space designed to privilege some and marginalise others?
By organising space into ‘landscapes of exclusion’
Landscapes of Exclusion
Cultural landscapes that communicate through symbols or direct messages and who doesn’t belong and who is ‘out of place’
Cultural landscapes that prohibit or hinder certain groups in society from participating in social or economic activities
redlining
withholding investment or services to a particular area of a city considered ‘hazardous,’ these areas typically have high ethnic-minority populations, racial minorities, and low-income residents
what are some ways landscapes of exclusion are emphasized
through laws, through barbwire fences, government programs (building low income housing)
Naturalization of landscape
When we drive through rural AB, we see grain mills and barns and see it as normal, but this is an exclusion of Indigenous people
define Health
“The state of complete social, physical and mental wellbeing, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity”
Requires adequate shelter, nutrition, inner peace, friendship, self efficacy, personal security and safety
define wellbeing
Wellbeing: the individual or collective state of health, happiness and prosperity, synonymous with welfare
It is objective, at the most basic level it is about satisfaction of basic needs
It is subjective, linked to individual happiness, but conditioned by a person’s perspective of the context they live in
what affects wellbeing
12 determinants of health:
1. Income and social status
2. Employment and working conditions
3. Education and literacy
4. Childhood experiences
…
Therapeutic landscapes
“Where the physical and built environments, social conditions and human perceptions combine to produce an atmosphere which is conducive to healing”
Can be religious/sacred spaces for relieving sins, healing, and restitution
how does environment contribute to wellbeing
through spaces of wellbeing, therapeutic landscapes, and nature
