Chapter 2 - An Unequal World: Spatial Distribution of Population

Question 1

Where in the world are people distributed and why?

Answer 1

People are highly concentrated in South Central Asia (India & Pakistan) and SouthEast Asia (China)

Resource distribution and climate can influence population spatial patterns

Question 2

for immigrants what areas of the world are popular and why (from a physical geography perspective)?

Answer 2

Places with more temperate climates, and high resource deposits

Question 3

What is the total fertility rate?

Answer 3

the average number of children a women will have

Question 4

what is the crude birth rate formula

Answer 4

(# of births in the year / mid-year total of population) x 1000

Question 5

what is the crude death rate formula

Answer 5

(# of deaths in the year / mid-year total of population) x 1000

Question 6

Natural Rate of Increase = ?

Answer 6

Crude birth rate - Crude death rate

Question 7

infant mortality rate formula = ?

Answer 7

(# of infant deaths under 1 year / # of births that year) x 1000

Question 8

What is doubling time

Answer 8

the # of years it would take for a population to double its size given the current growth rate

Question 9

what is fecundity

Answer 9

the capability to produce offspring;

highest in women aged 15-30, peaks at 30, declines till 40)

Question 10

fertility

Answer 10

the ability to conceive a child

Question 11

Replacement Level Fertility

Answer 11

The level of fertility at which a population exactly replaces itself from one generation to the next; each couple has just enough children to replace themselves

Question 12

what are population pyramids

Answer 12

Graphical pyramids showing gender and age dynamics of a population

The bottom of the pyramid should be wider than the top to have a growing population (more children than adults / younger population)

Question 13

Demographic Transition

Answer 13

the historical shift of birth and death rates from high to low levels in a population

More related to developed countries, not applicable to all places around the world

Question 14

4 key transformation events boosting population growth:

Answer 14

Agricultural revolution
Industrial revolution
Sanitary revolution
Vaccine revolution

Question 15

Describe 3 characteristics of Stage 1 in the Demographic Transition

Answer 15

High crude birth & death rates, flat population growth, poor sanitation, and war (took place prior to the 1700s)

Question 16

Describe 3 characteristics of Stage 2 in the Demographic Transition

Answer 16

high crude birth rates & low death rates, rapid population growth, advances in healthcare, sanitation and nutrition

Question 17

Describe 3 characteristics of Stage 3 in the Demographic Transition

Answer 17

Declining crude birth rates, flat death rates, contraceptives introduced, women empowerment

Question 18

Describe 3 characteristics of Stage 4 in the Demographic Transition

Answer 18

Low & stable birth and death rates, fertility below replacement, ageing population

Question 19

Pro-natalism:
Anti-natalism:

Answer 19

Pro-natalism: encourage births
Anti-natalism: discourage births

Question 20

do governments try to control births/deaths? Have programs been successful

Answer 20

generally governments try to promote birth and reduce death

most government programs haven’t been successful (regarding marriages, etc.) except for China’s one child policy

Question 21

carrying capacity

Answer 21

the maximum population that can be supported with available resources and technology

Without nitrogen fertilisers introduced into the early twentieth century, the earth’s carrying capacity would be half what it is today

Question 22

Malthusian Theory

Answer 22

argued population grows exponentially and food and resource production couldn’t keep up, which would lead to a catastrophe

suggested reducing fertility (delayed marriage and self restraint), and said the future would be characterized by famine and war

Question 23

Limits to growth theory

Answer 23

developed in a report by the Club of Rome, this theory states that the world population and economy will eventually collapse due to insufficient natural resources