Chapter 2 - An Unequal World: Spatial Distribution of Population Flashcards
Where in the world are people distributed and why?
People are highly concentrated in South Central Asia (India & Pakistan) and SouthEast Asia (China)
Resource distribution and climate can influence population spatial patterns
for immigrants what areas of the world are popular and why (from a physical geography perspective)?
Places with more temperate climates, and high resource deposits
What is the total fertility rate?
the average number of children a women will have
what is the crude birth rate formula
(# of births in the year / mid-year total of population) x 1000
what is the crude death rate formula
(# of deaths in the year / mid-year total of population) x 1000
Natural Rate of Increase = ?
Crude birth rate - Crude death rate
infant mortality rate formula = ?
(# of infant deaths under 1 year / # of births that year) x 1000
What is doubling time
the # of years it would take for a population to double its size given the current growth rate
what is fecundity
the capability to produce offspring;
highest in women aged 15-30, peaks at 30, declines till 40)
fertility
the ability to conceive a child
Replacement Level Fertility
The level of fertility at which a population exactly replaces itself from one generation to the next; each couple has just enough children to replace themselves
what are population pyramids
Graphical pyramids showing gender and age dynamics of a population
The bottom of the pyramid should be wider than the top to have a growing population (more children than adults / younger population)
Demographic Transition
the historical shift of birth and death rates from high to low levels in a population
More related to developed countries, not applicable to all places around the world
4 key transformation events boosting population growth:
Agricultural revolution
Industrial revolution
Sanitary revolution
Vaccine revolution
Describe 3 characteristics of Stage 1 in the Demographic Transition
High crude birth & death rates, flat population growth, poor sanitation, and war (took place prior to the 1700s)
Describe 3 characteristics of Stage 2 in the Demographic Transition
high crude birth rates & low death rates, rapid population growth, advances in healthcare, sanitation and nutrition
Describe 3 characteristics of Stage 3 in the Demographic Transition
Declining crude birth rates, flat death rates, contraceptives introduced, women empowerment
Describe 3 characteristics of Stage 4 in the Demographic Transition
Low & stable birth and death rates, fertility below replacement, ageing population
Pro-natalism:
Anti-natalism:
Pro-natalism: encourage births
Anti-natalism: discourage births
do governments try to control births/deaths? Have programs been successful
generally governments try to promote birth and reduce death
most government programs haven’t been successful (regarding marriages, etc.) except for China’s one child policy
carrying capacity
the maximum population that can be supported with available resources and technology
Without nitrogen fertilisers introduced into the early twentieth century, the earth’s carrying capacity would be half what it is today
Malthusian Theory
argued population grows exponentially and food and resource production couldn’t keep up, which would lead to a catastrophe
suggested reducing fertility (delayed marriage and self restraint), and said the future would be characterized by famine and war
Limits to growth theory
developed in a report by the Club of Rome, this theory states that the world population and economy will eventually collapse due to insufficient natural resources
