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Biology Year 1 > Chapter 8 ~ Transport In Animals > Flashcards

Chapter 8 ~ Transport In Animals Flashcards

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1
Q

Why are specialise transport systems needed

A

For high metabolic demand
To maintain steep concentration gradient
To overcome a low surface area to volume ratio
To allow diffusion across a large distance
Transport a hormones and enzymes
Transport waste products

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2
Q

What is an open circulatory system?

A

It is not enclosed in blood vessels
The heart pumps the blood around the body under pressure and blood returns directly to the heart

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3
Q

What is a closed circulatory system?

A

Blood is enclosed in blood vessels
The heart pumps blood around the body and the body returns it to the heart
Substances will move between the bloodstream and and tissues at the capillary and arteries take blood away from the heart and organs veins take blood from the tissue back to the heart

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4
Q

What is a single closed circulatory system

A

Blood flows through the heart and is pumped out to travel all around the body before returning to the heart
ONCE

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5
Q

What is the double circulatory system?

A

Blood travels in two loops
Blood pumped from the heart lungs pick up oxygen and unload CO2
Blood flows through the heart and is pumped out to travel all around the body
Blood essentially travels twice

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6
Q

What is elastic fibre?

A

Composed of elastin which can stretch and recoil providing flexibility

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7
Q

What is smooth muscle?

A

Contracts or relaxes, changing the size of the lumen

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8
Q

What is collagen?

A

Provides a structural support to maintain the shape and volume of the vessel

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9
Q

What are arteries?

A

Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from ❤️

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10
Q

What are the exceptions of carrying oxygenated blood for arteries?

A

Pulmonary artery, which carries the deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs, and during pregnancy that umbilical artery carries deoxygenated blood from the fetus to the placenta

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11
Q

Does the arteries carry blood under high pressure or low pressure

A

High pressure

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12
Q

What is a structure of the artery?

A

Is made of elastin fibre, which allows the walls to expand, allowing continuous flow of blood
It has smooth muscle, which allows easy blood flow
It is made up of collagen
Thick muscular wall containing lots of elastic tissue to withstand the force of high pressure of blood
Inner lining endothelium which is folded, allowing the artery to expand elastic boil recoil .
Small lumen to withstand high pressure

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13
Q

Explain vasconstriction

A

When the smooth muscle in the arteriole contract, it constricts the vessels, and prevents blood flowing into the capillary bed

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14
Q

Explain vasodilation

A

When the smooth muscle in the wall of an arteriole relaxes blood flows through into the capillary bed

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15
Q

What is the function of the arteriole

A

It links the artery to the capillary and vasoconstriction and vastdilation

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16
Q

What is the structure of the capillary?

A

. Thin endothelium and narrow lumen for short diffusion
Many capillaries, which are highly branched forming a large network for a large surface area
Single endothelial cell thick, allowing a short layer of diffusion
Small holes enabling exchange of substance

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17
Q

Blood entering the capillary is
Blood leaving the capillary is

A

Oxygenated
Deoxygenated

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18
Q

Function of the vein

A

Carry deoxygenated blood away from cells towards the heart

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19
Q

What what are the exceptions of the veins carrying the deoxygenated blood?

A

The pulmonary vein and umbilical vein carry oxygenated blood

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20
Q

Structure of the veins

A

Lots of collagen and little elastic fibre
Large lumen and thinner walls as blood is flowing LOL pressure
Valves which prevent the backflow of blood

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21
Q

What does venules do

A

Link capillaries with veins

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22
Q

Structure of venules

A

Thin walls with smooth muscle

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23
Q

Functionof valve

A

Prevent backflow

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24
Q

What does blood consist of?

A

Plasma, erythrocytes, platelets, leuocytes

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25
Q

What is tissue fluid?

A

It is fluids surrounding tissues formed from blood plasma

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26
Q

What is hydrostatic pressure?

A

Pressure exerted by fluid

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27
Q

What is oncotic pressure?

A

Tendency of water to move into blood via osmosis

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28
Q

Explain the process of tissue fluid formation

A

Arterial end:
There is a high hydrostatic pressure which is greater than oncotic pressure.
This forces fluid and dissolved substances out of the capillary forming tissue fluid
Venous end:
Water potential is lower inside capillary compared to tissue fluid.
This means there is a high oncotic pressure which is greater than hydrostatic pressure.
This forces water out

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29
Q

What is the heart made up of?

A

Cardiac muscle, which contracts and relaxes in a regular rhythm

30
Q

What does the septum do?

A

It prevents the mixing of oxygenated and oxygenated blood

31
Q

What is the heart surrounded by?

A

Inelastic pericardial membranes which help prevent the heart overflowing with blood

32
Q

Explain the process of the oxygenated blood entering the right atrium of the heart

A

Enters the right atrium from the vena cava at low pressure
Blood flows in and the pressure buildup until the atrial ventricular valve opens and lets blood pass into the right ventricle
The atrium and ventricle are both filled and the atrium contracts forcing all of the blood into the right ventricle
The right ventricle begins to contract and the atrial ventricular valve closes and the right ventricle pumps blood through the semilunar valve into the pulmonary artery which is transported back into the lungs

33
Q

What do the tendinous cords do

A

They make sure the valves are not turned inside out by the pressure exerted as the ventricle contracts

34
Q

Explain the process of oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium from the pulmonary vein

A

It enters the left atrium from the pulmonary vein.
Pressure in the left and build and the bicuspid valve opens and left ventricles will fill with oxygenated blood
The atrium and ventricle both fill up and the left atrium contracts, forcing all the blood into the left ventricle
The left ventricle contracts and pumps oxygenated blood through the semilunar valve into the aorta and around the body

35
Q

Why is the muscular wall of the left side of the heart much thicker than the right?

A

Because the left side carries blood all around the body

36
Q

What is a cardiac cycle?

A

It describes the events in a single heartbeat, which lost around 0.8 seconds

37
Q

What happens during diastole?

A

Both the atria and ventricles are relaxed so the pressure is low in both chambers
The semi lunar valves are closed as the pressure is higher in the arteries in the chambers
What is then return to the heart and the atria filled with blood?

38
Q

What are the 2 types of systole ?
Explain both

A

atrial systole:
The atria contracts while the ventricles relax
This decreases the volume inside the atria which increases pressure
Increased pressure forces the atrial ventricular valves to open and pushes blood into the ventricles
Ventricular systole:
The ventricles contract and atria relaxes
Decreases the volume inside the ventricles and increases the pressure
This forces the atrial ventricular valves to close and causes the semilunar valves to open
Blood is forced out of the ventricles and into the arteries

39
Q

What is the formula for cardiac output?

A

Heart rate x stroke, volume

40
Q

What are heartbeats made by?

A

The blood pressure closing the heart valve

41
Q

Where is the first sound of the heart come from?

A

As blood is forced against the atrial ventricular valves as the ventricle contracts

42
Q

What is the second sound of of the heart come from

A

Backflow of the blood causes semi Luna valves in the aorta and the pulmonary artery as the ventricle relax

43
Q

What does myogenic mean?

A

the heart has its own intrinsic rhythm. At around 60 bpm

44
Q

Where is the SAN located and what happens?

A

It is located at the right atrium and is known as a pacemaker

45
Q

What does a bundle of his do?

A

It splits into two branches and conducts the wave of excitation to the apex of the heart

46
Q

Explain how a basic rhythm of the heart is caused

A

① a wave of electrical excitation at SAN CAUSES THE ATRIA TO CONTRACT INITIATING A HEARTBEAT
② electrical activity is picked up by the AVN which has a slight delay and then stimulates the bundle of his
③ the bundle of his conducts a wave of citation to the apex
④ at the apex, purkyne fibres spread through the walls of the ventricles this spread the excitation which causes contraction of ventricles

47
Q

What is the purpose of an ECG?

A

To measure electrical excitation through the heart

48
Q

How does an ECG work?

A

Electrodes are placed against a patient chest and the change in electrical activity is displayed as an electrocardiogram

49
Q

Explain the ECG of tachycardia

A

The heartbeat is very rapid over 100 bpm
The increase heart rate is a normal response to exercise, excitement, stress or drugs
It is elevated heart rate for no reason
Sometimes, sometimes the heart rate is so high, that little blood is actually pumped
Treatment can be relaxation therapy or b blocker

50
Q

Explain bradycardia ECG

A

The heart rate slows down to below 60 bpm
Reduce heart rate could indicate good, aerobic, fitness, or maybe caused by drugs, like tranquilizers or beta blockers
It could cause risk of blood clots

51
Q

What is a ectopic heartbeat ECG

A

Extra heartbeats, which are out of the normal rhythm  most people have at least one a day

52
Q

What a ter atrial fibrillation, ECG

A

An example of an arrhythmia, which means an abnormal rhythm of the heart. Rapid electrical impulses are generated in the atria, which contract very fast. However, they don’t contract properly and as a result, the heart does not pump blood very effectively.

53
Q

What is lymph?

A

It is 10% of the liquid which leaves blood vessels No

54
Q

What is lymph?

A

It is 10% of the liquid which leaves blood vessels No

55
Q

Explain the lymphatic system

A

Tissue fluid, which isn’t reabsorbed into the capillaries drains into the lymphatic system preventing fluid buildup. The system collects excess tissue fluid and returns it back into the bloodstream..
The lymph nodes intercept bacteria

56
Q

Explain the structure of erythrocytes

A

It contains a biconcave shape with larger surface area which is available for diffusion
It has no nucleus and it contains haemoglobin

57
Q

Explain the structure of haemoglobin

A

It is a globular conjugated protein with a tertiary structure consisting of four polypeptide chains each containing a haem group
Haemoglobin is red as it has iron binding to oxygen

58
Q

Explain how oxygen binds to haemoglobin

A

Each polypeptide chain is bonded to a group which contains an iron ion which combines to one molecule of oxygen. This produces Oxy haemoglobin.

59
Q

What is the purpose of of Oxy haemoglobin and what is the reaction to format?

A

To transport oxygen around the body
Hb + 402 → hb (O2) 4

60
Q

Haemoglobin bind to oxygen with high affinity in the ______ and there is a _________ partial pressure of oxygen

A

Lungs
High

61
Q

Haemoglobin bind to oxygen with low affinity in the ______ and there is a _________ partial pressure of oxygen

A

Tissues
No

62
Q

Oxygen Association

A

. Oxygen binding into haemoglobin

63
Q

Oxygen dissociation

A

Oxygen unbinding to haemoglobin

64
Q

Explain positive cooperativity

A

Haemoglobin has a tertiary structure and each haem group can bind with one oxygen so it can carry 4 oxygen molecules when one binds the structure of the protein changes which increases the affinity of other three binding sites for oxygen

65
Q

what is an oxygen dissociation curve?

A

It’s a graph plotting the partial pressure of oxygen against how saturated haemoglobin is with oxygen

66
Q

Low oxygen concentration haemoglobin has a

A

‘low affinity for oxygen allowing it to release oxygen to respiring cells

67
Q

Low oxygen concentration haemoglobin has a

A

‘low affinity for oxygen allowing it to release oxygen to respiring cells

68
Q

High oxygen concentration

A

Low Affinity for oxygen

69
Q

Fetal haemoglobin has a _________ affinity then adult haemoglobin so lies to the______

A

higher
Left

70
Q

Explain the Bohr affect

A

Partial pressure of carbon dioxide increases
So hemiglobin has a low affinity for oxygen causing Oxy haemoglobin to dissociate more readily

71
Q

Hi carbon dioxide concentration shifts the dissociation have to the _______ and is referred as the ________

A

Right
Bohr effect

72
Q

Explain the chloride shift

A

Question for another day

Biology Year 1 (12 decks)

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