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Biology Year 1 > Chapter 3 ~ Biological Molecules > Flashcards

Chapter 3 ~ Biological Molecules Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the elements in carbohydrates?

A

Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

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2
Q

What are the elements in Lipids?

A

Carbon, hydrogen and Oxygen

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3
Q

What are the elements in proteins?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur

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4
Q

What are the elements in nucleic acids

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus

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5
Q

what are polymers and Monomers?

A

Polymers are long chain molecules which are made up by linking monomers in a repeating pattern.
Monomers are individual molecules which make up a polymer.

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6
Q

What is a condensation reaction?

A

It is the release of water

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7
Q

What is a hydrolysis reaction?

A

it is the addition of water

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8
Q

How does hydrogen bonds occur between water molecules

A

Within water, hydrogen bonds occur between the slightly negative oxygen atom of one water molecule and the slightly positive hydrogen atom on another molecule. Water is said to be polar as there is regions of negativity and positivity (between hydrogen and oxygen molecules). The electrons within water are shared unequally within the bonds holding the molecule together,

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9
Q

What are the characteristics of water

A
  1. it has a high boiling point due to the hydrogen bonding which requires lots of energy to overcome
  2. it acts as a coolant, buffers temperature changes during chemical reactions.
  3. it is an excellent solvent as it can form hydrogen bonds with other polar molecules/ charged ionic compounds. Many solutes are also able for it to be dissolved in.
  4. High latent heat of evaporation as lots of energy is required to convert it from liquid to gas.
  5. High specific heat capacity as hydrogen bonds absorb lots of energy and can buffer changes in temperature.
  6. It has strong cohesion, water molecules have the tendency to stick to other water molecules due to the slightly positive hydrogen which attracts slightly negative oxygen. the cohesive force allows water to flow allowing it to be a good transport medium. water molecules can also stick to other surfaced giving it adhesive forces.
  7. it can insulate large bodies of water as ice is less dense than liquid water because water molecules in ice are held, further apart allowing it to form an insulating layer letting aquatic organisims survive.
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10
Q

how does ice float

A

when water freezes it turns into ice which is less dense due to H bonds and therefore ice floats

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11
Q

monoscharides

A

single sugar unit

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12
Q

polyscharides

A

2 or more monoscharides linked together

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13
Q

what are carbohydrates?

A

long chains of sugar molecules formed from lots of individual sugar molecules joining together

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14
Q

2 or more monoscharides reacting together forms , what reaction occurs and what bond forms

A

disaccharide, condensation reaction occurs and glycosidic bond forms

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15
Q

polyscharides break down what reaction occurs

A

hydrolysis

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16
Q

examples of polysacharides

A

glycogen, cellulose and starch

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17
Q

examples of monoscharides

A

glucose fructose etc

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18
Q

examples of disaccharides

A

sucrose lactose and maltose

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19
Q

what is glucose

A

C6H1206 it is an hexose sugar which exists as 2 forms.

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20
Q

2 forms of glucose

A

alpha glucose
beta glucose

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21
Q

what is the differences between alpha and beta glucose

A

the position of the hydrogen and hydroxyl group on the right hand carbon

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22
Q

alpha has hydrogen

A

A bove the carbon

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23
Q

beta glucose has the hydrogen

A

B elow the carbon

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24
Q

PROPERTIES OF GLUCOSE

A

it is highly soluble in water making it easy to transport
it is the main energy source for animals and plants

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25
Q

reaction of 2 alpha glucose molecules reacting

A

the two hydroxyl groups interact and a condensation reaction occurs forming a 1,4 glycosidic bond (maltose)

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26
Q

how is sucrose maltose and lactose formed

A

maltose
2 alpha glucose
sucrose
1 alpha and fructose
lactose
1 beta glucpse and galactose

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27
Q

what is ribose

A

it is a monosacharide formed of RNA molecules. it is a pentose sugar with 5 carbon rings.

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28
Q

what are polysacharides

A

they are large insoluble monosacharides joined with glycosdic bonds . Starch and glycogen are examples which are stroage molecules

29
Q

properties of starch

A

storage in plants. hydrolysed when glucose is needed
insoluble in water so the water potential of cells is not affected

30
Q

what are the 2 forms of starch

A

amylose and amylopectin

31
Q

amylose

A

unbranched spiralling chains of alpha glucose molecules joined together by 1,4 glycosidic bonds it is coiled meaning it is compact allowing many amylose to be packed into one cell.

32
Q

amylopectin

A

branched chains of alpha glucose molecules (1,4 glycosidic bonds) it branches to increase SA so enzyme can break it quickly when needed for respiration.

33
Q

what is the energy store in animals

A

glycogen

34
Q

glycogen

A

branched chains of alpha glucose giving it large sa for enzyme action to release glucose when energy is needed.it is insoluble branched and compact making it ideal for storage.

35
Q

where is cellulose found and what it is used for and structure

A

it is found in cell walls and it is to give strength.
long and unbranched chains of beta glucose molecules linked together by hydrogen bonds to form microfibrils which give plants structural support and shape in cell walls

36
Q

what is the test for reducing and non reducing sugars

A

BENEDICTS TEST

37
Q

REDUCING SUGAR PRESENT

A

BLUE TO BRICK RED

38
Q

NON REDUCING SUGAR

A
  1. HCL TO BREAK GLYCOSIDIC BONDS
  2. BENEDICTS AGAIN
    .
39
Q

TEST FOR STARCH

A

IODINE ORANGE BROWN TO BLUE BLACK

40
Q

what are lipids commonly known as

A

fats and oils
the fats are solid at room temp and oils are liquid

41
Q

what are large complex lipid molecules known as

A

macromolecules which are built from repeating units or monomers like polysaccharides.

42
Q

what are the three types of lipids

A

triglycerides, phospholipids and cholestorol

43
Q

what are triglycerides and phospholipids both made up of

A

glycerol connected to a fatty acid through ester bonds. however triglycerides have 3 fatty acids whereas phospholipids have 2 fatty acids and a phosphate group

44
Q

what is esterfication

A

the hydroxyl group from glycerol and fatty acids interact which forms 3 water molecules containing an ester bond. it is a condensation reaction

45
Q

what are the roles of lipids

A
  1. membrane formation (phospholipids)
  2. hormone production
  3. electrical insulation
  4. waterproofing
  5. thermal insulation
  6. buoyancy
  7. cushioning
46
Q

triglyceride

A

energy store
insoluble in water

47
Q

phosopholipids

A

main component of cell membranes, form a phospholipid bilayer with hydrophobic tails facing eachother and hydrophillic heads facing outwards, it forms a barrier to prevent polar molecules entering or leaving cell.

48
Q

cholestrol

A

found in cell membrane and help strengthen the membrane, pushes hydrophobic tails of phospholipids together making it more rigid. it helps regulate fluidity by ensuring membrane fluid is at low temp.

49
Q

sterols

A

steroids and alcohols

50
Q

test for lipids

A

emulsion test, milky emulsion will form

51
Q

what are peptides

A

polymers made up of amino acid molecules

52
Q

what is a protein

A

polymer of amino acids joined togetehr by peptide bonds

53
Q

amino acid structure

A

r group, amine group, carboxyl group and hydrogen attached to a central carbon

54
Q

what makes each amino acid different

A

the R group

55
Q

peptide bond formation and breaking

A

formation:
condensation reaction
amino acid and amino acid react to form a dipeptide containg a peptide bon (conh)
breaking:
hydrolysis
dipeptide and water

56
Q

levels of protein structure

A

primary
secondary
quaternary
tertiary

57
Q

primary is the

A

sequence in which an amino acid is joined

58
Q

secondary structure of a protein is the

A

basic repeating structure of amino acids interact forming hydrogen bonds pulled into a coil shape called an ALPHA helix or Beta pleated sheet which is polypeptide chains lied parrallel to eachother by H bonds.

59
Q

tertoary structure is

A

the folding of protein which gives it a 3d effect

60
Q

what is the quaternary structure

A

the structure formed from interaction of polypeptide chains

61
Q

alpha helix is

A

basic repeating structure of amino acids interact forming hydrogen bonds pulled into a coil shape called an ALPHA helix

62
Q

beta pleated sheet is

A

Beta pleated sheet which is polypeptide chains lied parrallel to eachother by H bonds.

63
Q

what are the two types of proteins

A

globular and fibrous

64
Q

globular proteins are

A

compact
water soluble
spherical
the proteins are folded into their tertiary structure
hydrophobic inside and hydrophilic outside allowing it to be soluble
essential in regulating processes in life

65
Q

what are conjugated proteins

A

they are globular proteins which contains a prosthetic group

66
Q

what are examples of globular proteins

A

haemoglobin which is a quaternary protein with 4 polypeptides,2 alpha and 2 beta. each alpha and beta containing an prosthetic haem group which combine reversibly with an oxygen.
catalase enzyme which contains 4 haem prosthetic groups which allows it to speed up breakdown of hydrogen peroxide.

67
Q

what are fibrous proteins

A

they are long and insolunle due to high proportions of hydrophobic r groups
they are strong long molecules with no 3d structure

68
Q

examples of fibrous proteins

A

elastin
found in elastic fibres in the walls of blood vessels and alveoli which can expand
collagen
found in connective tissues within skin, tendons and ligaments and nervous systems, it contains 3 polypeptides wound together in a log and strong rope structure and is flexible.
keratin
present in hair, skin and nails contains many disulfide bonds forming strong inflexible insoluble materials

69
Q

test for proteins

A

biuret test, blue to purple

Biology Year 1 (12 decks)

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