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Biology Year 1 > Chapter 6 ~ Cell Division > Flashcards

Chapter 6 ~ Cell Division Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three stages of the cell cycle?

A

Interphase, mitosis and cytokinesis

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2
Q

Explain the three stages of interphase

A

G1, which consists of protein synthesis and organelles replicating
S phase this is the synthesis phase. The DNA is replicated in the nucleus.
G2, this is the second growth phase. The cells increase in size and the energy stores are increased and the duplicated DNA is checked for errors

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3
Q

Explain, G0

A

G0, is the phase when the cell leaves a cycle

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4
Q

Why does the cell leave the cycle during G0

A

Either because of differentiation or the DNA of the cell is damaged

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5
Q

What are checkpoints?

A

the cell checks DNA for any errors which minimises the chances of duplicating any mutated DNA into the replicated cell.

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6
Q

Where do the checkpoints occur?

A

G1 checkpoint, which is at the end of the G1 base before the S phase it checks for cell size, nutrients, growth factor and DNA damage
G2 checkpoint, which is at the end of the G2 phase, and before the start of the mitotic phase, it is checked for cell size, DNA replication, and DNA damage
Spindle assembly checkpoint it checks for chromosome attachment to the spindle

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7
Q

What are the two types of nuclear division?

A

Mitosis and meiosis

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8
Q

What is mitosis used for?

A

Growth and repair
reproduction (asexual) in plants, animals and fungi

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9
Q

What are the four stages of mitosis?

A

Prophase metaphase, anaphase telophase

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10
Q

Explain prophase during mitosis

A

chromosomes condense
nuclear envelope disintegrates
centrioles move to each pole and form spindle fibres.

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11
Q

Explain metaphase during mitosis

A

chromosomes are moved by spindle fibres to the metaphase plate and held in position

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12
Q

Explain anaphase during mitosis

A

centromere holding pairs of chromosomes divide, chromatids separate and pulled to opposite poles by spindle fibres.

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13
Q

Explains telophase in mitosis

A

chromatids have reached poles and are chromosomes, they assemble at each pole and nuclear envelope reforms. chromosomes uncoil and nucleolus is formed. cytokinesis begins

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14
Q

cytokinesis in mitosis

A

actual division of cell into 2 separate cells

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15
Q

What is meiosis?

A

Meiosis is a type of cell division to form gametes
production of haploid cells
genetic variation via independent assortment and crossing over

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16
Q

How many stages are there in meiosis?

A

There are two stages of meiosis, meiosis one and meiosis two

17
Q

Explain meiosis 1
Hint: prophase 1, metaphase 1 , anaphase 1, telophase 1

A

during prophase 1, the chromosomes condense, and the nuclear envelope breaks apart. The nucleolus disappears and spindle formation begins. The homologous chromosomes pair up which formed bivalents and the crossing over occurs.
During metaphase one, the homologous pairs of chromosomes assemble along the metaphase plate, maternal and paternal chromosomes end up facing it either pole. This is results in independent assortment, which results in many different combination of the allele facing the poles.
During anaphase one, the homologous chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles and chromatids stay joined. sections of the DNA which become entangled break off and rejoin which are called the chiasmata. When exchange occurs at the chiasmata it forms recombinant chromatids with genes being exchanged, genetic variation arises.
During telophase one, the chromosomes assembled at each pole and the nuclear membrane reforms. Chromosomes uncoil and the cell undergo cytokinesis and divides into two cells.

18
Q

Explain meiosis 2

A

During prophase 2, the chromosomes, condense nuclear envelope breaks down and spindle formation begins.
During metaphase 2, the individual chromosomes assemble on the metaphase plate, due to crossing over the chromatids are no longer identical so there is more independent assortment and more genetic variation
during anaphase 2, the chromatids of individual chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles after division of the centromeres.
During telophase 2, the chromatids assemble at poles. chromosomes uncoil and form chromatin. the nuclear envelope reforms. The nucleolus becomes visible, and cytokinesis results in the division of cell forming for daughter cells.

19
Q

What are specialised cells?

A

Differentiated cells which are specialised to carry out a specific function

20
Q

What are the five types of specialised cells
Hint: Emily not Sam play golf

A

1.Erythrocytes.
2.neutrophils
3.sperm cells
4.Palisade cells.
5. Guard cells

21
Q

Explain the structure and function of erythrocytes

A

They have a biconcave shape which increases the surface area for diffusion and increases the cell flexibility for it to fit through narrow capillaries

22
Q

Explain the structure and function of neutrophils

A

It has a lobbed nucleus and a granular cytoplasm. The cells are flexible which enables them to engulf pathogens. They contain lysosomes filled with hydrolytic enzymes lysozyme.

23
Q

Explain the structure and function of sperm cells

A

The flagellum contains many mitochondria to release energy.
Acrosome in the head contains digestive enzyme to digest the wall of the egg ell so sperm can penetrate and fertilise egg cell

24
Q

Explain the structure function of palisade cells

A

It is located in the Mesophyll tissue of leaves. It is a rectangular and tightly packed cells which contains many chloroplast to absorb and maximise light energy for photosynthesis. It contains thin walls to reduce the diffuse distance of carbon dioxide.

25
Q

Structure and function of guard cell

A

Flexible walls, which are more on one side, this results in the cells, bending when turgid to open the stomata and closing when flaccid, which helps control water loss by transpiration

26
Q

What are the five specialised tissues
HINT:
SQUAsh CILLS CARtel’s MUSCLE, XYELphones PHlo

A

1.squamous epithelial cells
2.ciliated epithelium cells
3.cartilage
4.muscle
5.xylem
6.phloem

27
Q

Structure of squamous, epithelial cells

A

Single layer of flat cells in contact with the basement membrane of epithelium which provides a short distance for diffusion

28
Q

Structure of ciliated, epithelial cells

A

Cells have hair like projections which sway to move substances such as mucus out of the lungs or an egg in the oviduct globlet cells are located within the epithelium and these cells release mucus trap molecules

29
Q

Structure of cartilage

A

A tissue which is firm and flexible located in the outer ear, nose and end of bones provides a structural support and prevents bones from rubbing together made up of elastin and collagen fibres

30
Q

Structure of muscle

A

Tissues, which can contract and relax to create movement

31
Q

Structure of xylem and phloem

A

Xylem cells are made up of vascular bundles in plants, responsible for transporting water and mineral ions, made of elongated hollow dead cells with lingin in the walls to strengthen and waterproof the walls.
Phloem is the cells that make up the part of the vascular bundle responsible for transporting organic substances made in photosynthesis. It is made of a sea tube elements cells which have perforated end walls and are lacking most organelles. This makes transport of sugars, easier and companion cells which contain organelles to provide resources for sieve tube elements.

32
Q

What are stem cells?

A

Under differentiated cells

33
Q

What is stem cell potency?

A

The stem cells ability to differentiate into different cell types

34
Q

Explain totipotent

A

Be stem cells can differentiate into any type of cells. They can also differentiate into extra embryonic tissues.

35
Q

Explain pluripotent

A

Stem cells which conform all tissue types are not whole organisms. They are present in early embryos and are the origin of the different types of tissues within an organism

36
Q

Explain multipotent

A

Sam, which confirm a range of cells within a certain type of tissue

37
Q

What are the two sources of animal stem cells?

A

 embryonic, stem cells and tissue stem cells. E.g. bone marrow

38
Q

What are the sources of plants stem cells?

A

Merisomatic issues

39
Q

Use of stem cells

A

To repair damaged tissues for treatment of neurological conditions and research into development in biology

Biology Year 1 (12 decks)

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